The postnatal development of the presynaptic grid in the visual cortex of rabbits and the effect of dark-rearing

Müller, Linda; Pattiselanno, A.; Vrensen, Gijs F.J.M.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90718-6

Cited by 49 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Studies that focused on potential alterations in synapses generally have compared the numbers of synapses, as well as their structure [ 19 ], including the number of synaptic vesicles, the length of the active zone, and the proportion of vesicles that are docked or floating [ 19 ]. As synapses between neurons mature during development, they become smaller and the active zone becomes longer and thicker [ 20 ],[ 21 ]. The number of total synaptic vesicles may or may not change; however, the number of docked vesicles increases [ 22 ],[ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of the synapse of the inner retinal layers after chronic intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma animal model

2014

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BackgroundDendrites of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) synapse with axon terminals of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Changes in RGC dendrites and synapses between bipolar cells in the inner retinal layer may critically alter the function of RGCs in glaucoma. Recently, synaptic plasticity has been observed in the adult central nervous system, including the outer retinal layers. However, few studies have focused on changes in the synapses between RGCs and bipolar cells in glaucoma. In the present study, we used a rat model of ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization to investigate changes in synaptic structure and protein expression in the inner retinal layer at various time points after moderate intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation.ResultsSynaptophysin, a presynaptic vesicle protein, increased throughout the IPL, outer plexiform layer, and outer nuclear layer after IOP elevation. Increased synaptophysin after IOP elevation was expressed in bipolar cells in the innermost IPL. The RGC marker, SMI-32, co-localized with synaptophysin in RGC dendrites and were significantly increased at 1 week and 4 weeks after IOP elevation. Both synaptophysin and postsynaptic vesicle protein, PSD-95, were increased after IOP elevation by western blot analysis. Ribbon synapses in the IPL were quantified and structurally evaluated in retinal sections by transmission electron microscopy. After IOP elevation the total number of ribbon synapses decreased. There were increases in synapse diameter and synaptic vesicle number and decreases in active zone length and the number of docked vesicles after IOP elevation.ConclusionsAlthough the total number of synapses decreased as RGCs were lost after IOP elevation, there are attempts to increase synaptic vesicle proteins and immature synapse formation between RGCs and bipolar cells in the inner retinal layers after glaucoma induction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of the synapse of the inner retinal layers after chronic intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma animal model

2014

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“…In EPTA stained tissue, a synapse whose presynaptic element is sectioned enface appears as a grid composed of presynaptic dense material, and has thus been called a presynaptic grid (Vrensen et al, 1980). A series of investigations of the presynaptic grid in the cerebral cortex has shown (among other things) that it gets smaller andor becomes horseshoe or doughnut shaped (complex) with visual training (Vrensen and Cardozo, 1981), normal development and eye opening (Muller et al, 1981). These observed changes in size and complexity are consistent with a three dimensional view of changes in synaptic curvature.…”

Section: Presynaptic Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synaptic structural plasticity: Role of synaptic shape

Markus

Petit

1989

Synapse

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Recent research has indicated that synaptic curvature is an important and potentially critical plastic feature of the synapse. Alterations in synaptic shape are related to synaptic function, being found both during maturation and in adulthood following neuronal activation. In this paper we review the evidence supporting synaptic shape as a plastic feature of synaptic structure. We also propose several mechanisms which might underlie these changes in shape. Finally, we suggest the possible functional role of alterations in synaptic curvature, including its potential in altering synaptic transmission efficacy.

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“…In previous studies from our le.boratory, it was shown (Vrensen et al, 1980;Muller et al, 1981) that E-PTA stains the synaptic grids very selectively when the staining is carried out at temperatures between 60" and 80°C. In addition, it was proved that all mature synapses are stained with this procedure.…”

Section: The Golgi-rapid Goldmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The synaptic grids, depending on their orientation within the section, can either be observed as complete synaptic discs or as linear structures (Fig. 7A) (see also Vrensen et al, 1980;Muller et al, 1981). In the "en face" synapses, the presynaptic dense projections are clearly visible as electron dense dots (Fig.…”

Section: The Golgi-rapid Goldmentioning

confidence: 93%

Quantitative aspects of synapses on Golgi‐impregnated neurons

Müller

Cardozo

Vrensen

1992

Microscopy Res & Technique

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With the classical Golgi techniques, numerous types of neurons can be distinguished in the cerebral cortex, each with a specific dendritic geometry and pattern of axonal ramifications. In the present review we describe two techniques which allow quantification of synapses on identified neurons: (1) Golgi-rapid impregnation-gold toning-electron microscopy, and (2) Golgi-Kopsch impregnation-gold toning-electron microscopy in combination with staining of the tissue with ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA). Both techniques were applied on neurons in the visual cortex of young and adult rabbits. By means of rotating and tilting specimens in the electron microscope, the nondistinctive ultrastructure of obliquely sectioned synapses can be circumvented, leading to precise estimates of asymmetrical vs. symmetrical synapses without complete reconstruction of the neuron.

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The postnatal development of the presynaptic grid in the visual cortex of rabbits and the effect of dark-rearing

Cited by 49 publications

References 12 publications

Alterations of the synapse of the inner retinal layers after chronic intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma animal model

Alterations of the synapse of the inner retinal layers after chronic intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma animal model

Synaptic structural plasticity: Role of synaptic shape

Quantitative aspects of synapses on Golgi‐impregnated neurons

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