The Potential Biomarkers and Immunological Effects of Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Lung Cancer

Abstract

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite considerable achievements in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, the global control of the disease remains problematic. In this respect, greater understanding of the disease pathology is crucially needed for earlier diagnosis and more successful treatment to be achieved. Exosomes are nano-sized particles secreted from most cells, which allow cross talk between cells and their surrounding environment via transferring their cargo. Tumor cells, just like normal cells, also secrete exosomes that are termed Tumor-Derived Exosome or tumor-derived exosome (TEX). TEXs have gained attention for their immuno-modulatory activities, which strongly affect the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immune responses. The immunological activity of TEX influences both the innate and adaptive immune systems including natural killer cell activity and regulatory T-cell maturation as well as numerous anti-inflammatory responses. In the context of lung cancer, TEXs have been studied in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying tumor metastasis and progression. As such, TEX has the potential to act both as a biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis as well as the response to therapy.

Association between PLA2R1 rs4664308 and susceptibility to idiopathic membranous nephropathy

“…PLA2R1 has been also shown to modulate the receptor response of B cells, and it acts as a major factor in IMN pathogenesis. [ 31 ]…”

Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy

“…Their immunological activity influences both innate and adaptive immune systems, including regulatory T-cell maturation, natural killer cell activity, and anti-inflammatory response. Their characteristics allow them to be used for metastasis lung cancer treatment [ 163 ].…”

Tumor microenvironment: Interactions and therapy

“…A number of immune‐inhibitory and immune‐stimulatory factors are carried by exosomes to support cellular reprogramming in the recipient cells (Alipoor et al, ). This reprogramming could be in favor of or against tumor progression (Alipoor et al, ). Inducible effects of exosomes on Tregs and MDSCs and their suppressive role on CTLs and NK cells result in immunosuppression within the TME (Tucci et al, ; X. Wang, Luo, et al, ).…”

“…Hypoxia is a trigger for unfolded protein response through activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress‐related sensors (Joseph et al, ). Hypoxia induces exosome production by cancer cells (Alipoor et al, ) and alters exosome release in the cells (X. Wang, Luo, et al, ). One of the contents of exosome induced by hypoxia is lncRNAs (Sun et al, ) that are enhancers of self‐renewal in CSCs (Nakod et al, ) promoting cancer proliferation and metastasis (Sun et al, ).…”