The potential of agroforestry concessions to stabilize Amazonian forest frontiers: a case study on the economic and environmental robustness of informally settled small-scale cocoa farmers in Peru

Pokorny, Benno; Robiglio, Valentina; Reyes, Martín Leonardo de los; Vargas, Ricardo; Carrera, Cesar Francesco Patiño

doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105242

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In other crop-commodities (i.e., coffee), farmers also respond to local context influencing landuse decisions in a territory or landscape (Bosselmann, 2012). Similar stressors/drivers of the reduction/expansion of cocoa have been reported in several cocoa fronts in Colombia and Peru (Castro-Nunez et al, 2020;Pokorny et al, 2021).…”

Section: Cocoa Cultivation and Links To Reforestation And Deforestation In Nicaragua And Perumentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Like other neighboring cocoaproducing countries (i.e., Colombia and Bolivia) Peru has been subject to international aid to grow cocoa aimed at tackling the cultivation of illicit crops (Iturrios, 2016;Mithöfer et al, 2017a). Cocoa cultivation and trade in Peru have steadily increased during the last decade making the crop as an important commodity of economic importance for rural development (Minagri-Serfor, 2016;Pokorny et al, 2021). Up to 75% of cocoa produced in Peru is classified as a fine bean [Iniciativa Latinoamericana de cacao (ILCA), 2020].…”

Section: Methodology Description Of Country Study Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no exact data of the extent of cocoa grown under shade, however, Gockowski and Sonwa (2011) estimated that globally around 70% of cocoa is grown in agroforestry systems. Similarly, in Latin American, shaded cocoa accounts for 85% of the total cultivated area, so it might retain trees and prevent deforestation associated with cocoa production or other agricultural commodities (Somarriba et al, 2012;Schroth et al, 2016a;Pokorny et al, 2021). The establishment of cocoa agroforests is helping to restore about 68,000 ha of previously cleared pastureland (Schroth et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elucidating Pathways and Discourses Linking Cocoa Cultivation to Deforestation, Reforestation, and Tree Cover Change in Nicaragua and Peru

Orozco-Aguilar¹,

López-Sampson

Leandro-Muñoz

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Cocoa cultivation is labeled as a driver of both deforestation and reforestation, yet the extent of the phenomena varies at farm and landscape level and as a response to national and local contexts. In this study, we documented the main pathways and contexts behind cocoa cultivation in two sites with different histories of cocoa cultivation. We combined official statistics, land-use trajectory, satellite imagery, and the Q-analysis to explore the discourses of country experts in Nicaragua and Peru. The Q-statements were based on an analysis of a set of legal, institutional, social, and technical guidelines that the cocoa cultivation/sector influences or is influenced by. Based on the responses of national experts to 31 statements we found four discourses linking cocoa cultivation and reforestation and deforestation in each country-case study. The enabling and limiting conditions driving tree cover change were a combination of landscape configuration, governance, management/commercialization models, and farmer's knowledge. Overall, between 60 and 64% of the variance was explained by four discourse factors in each country. In Nicaragua, the conditions associated with reforestation were the cocoa-agroforestry model promoted by local organizations/NGOs, the existence of incentives, degree of technical knowledge, access to safe market, and availability of improved genetic material. The circumstances associated with deforestation were the age of the farmers, fluctuation of cocoa beans prices, low productivity of cocoa plantations, and weak legal environmental frameworks. Whereas, in Peru, the main factors connecting cocoa cultivation to reforestation were access to market, degree of experimentation in cocoa, the economic weight of cocoa on family's income, certification processes, the existence of incentives, and the level of organization/association of cocoa farmers. The elements linking cocoa farming to deforestation were the influence of stakeholders in the cocoa value chain, weak legal environmental frameworks, fluctuation of cocoa prices, the existence of private investors, and insecure land tenure rights. This article demonstrated the utility of discourse analysis, through its application to two contrasting country case-studies, to elucidate the conditions that might minimize the deforestation footprint of cocoa cultivation and maximize its role as an agent for reforestation/restoration in the agricultural landscape of cocoa-growing areas in Latin America.

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Section: Cocoa Cultivation and Links To Reforestation And Deforestation In Nicaragua And Perumentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Methodology Description Of Country Study Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elucidating Pathways and Discourses Linking Cocoa Cultivation to Deforestation, Reforestation, and Tree Cover Change in Nicaragua and Peru

Orozco-Aguilar¹,

López-Sampson

Leandro-Muñoz

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

Self Cite

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“…There is proven value in onboarding not only the technical knowledge but also indigenous practices and ontologies, all of which have shown potential for conservation and forest governance [79]. In the Amazon, such agroforestry concessions demonstrably help stabilize forest frontiers [80]. Such knowledge is critical for a sustainable bioeconomy, not simply from a utilitarian perspective but also because a more comprehensive bioeconomy vision-one which preserves nature and NCPs instead of simply "mining the ecosystem" for more commodities-requires an ethical shift [28].…”

Section: Knowledge On Species and Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bioeconomy–Biodiversity Nexus: Enhancing or Undermining Nature’s Contributions to People?

Lima

Palme

2021

Conservation

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Bioeconomy has become fundamental for a post-fossil-resources society, in line with climate change mitigation ambitions. Although it does not have a single, consensual definition, the bioeconomy encompasses various bio-based value chains and economic activities relying on biodiversity. How these burgeoning developments may affect biodiversity, however, still needs further examination. This article explores the bioeconomy–biodiversity nexus through the lens of nature’s contributions to people (NCPs). Drawing from the bioeconomy literature and Amazonian experiences, we argue that the bioeconomy may: (i) help conserve or restore habitats, (ii) improve knowledge on biodiversity, (iii) valorize livelihoods and increase social participation, and (iv) aid in moving beyond the commodification of nature. However, none of these achievements can be taken for granted. To date, the bioeconomy has focused mainly on extracting goods from nature (e.g., food, energy, or biochemicals), often at the expense of NCPs that require integral ecosystems and are decisive for a sustainable society in the longer run. Moreover, we assert that it is critical to discern the beneficiaries of various contributions, as “people”, in reality, are composed of distinct groups that relate differently to nature and have different preferences regarding trade-offs. The NCPs framework can help broaden synergies in the bioeconomy–biodiversity nexus, but inclusive governance remains critical.

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“…El origen geográfico de esta especie es América del Sur (Oluwalade, 2018) y se encuentran en diversas poblaciones silvestres en la región amazónica (Lachenaud et al, 2007;Famuwagun & Agele, 2019;Nieves-Orduña et al, 2021), producidos principalmente por pequeños agricultores (Braga et al, 2019). El Perú, el cacao es el sexto cultivo económico más importante, con más de 138.000 agricultores involucrados (Pokorny et al, 2021) y se ha convertido en uno de los principales exportadores de granos de cacao orgánico del mundo (Arévalo-Gardini et al, 2017) por su buena calidad de grano. Específicamente en la Amazonía peruana se albergan grandes cantidades de diversas poblaciones de cacao (Bartley, 2005) cultivados por agricultores, muchos de ellos sin conocimiento técnico desde la fase de vivero, teniendo como resultados plántulas con deficiencias en tamaño y deficiencia en el sistema radicular.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Growing of cacao seedlings (Theobroma cacao) in the nursery, using different volumes of substrate

Villacorta

Mathios-Flores

García

et al. 2021

manglar

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El cultivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao) en Alto Amazonas ha aumentado sus extensiones en la última década, lo cual demanda plántulas de cacao con buenas raíces. Esta demanda requiere sustratos para la producción de plantas en vivero; sin embargo, en la zona es escaso, por lo que es necesario identificar el volumen de sustrato para obtener plántulas de cacao, con el fin de establecer plantaciones con éxito. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de plántulas en vivero, usando diferentes volúmenes de sustratos. El diseño experimental correspondió a Completamente al Azar (DCA) con arreglo en parcelas divididas y dependencias fueron representadas mediante gráficos de regresión lineal y polinómica. Se utilizaron semillas pre germinadas de cacao criollo, se evaluaron a los 15, 45, 75 y 105 días de la emergencia, altura de la planta (cm), número, ancho y longitud de hojas (cm), diámetro del tallo (cm), longitud de raíz principal (cm) y el peso fresco total de plantas (g). Los resultados indican que en volúmenes de 1,5 kg la mayoría de las variables evaluadas en espacial el peso total de las plantas tuvo mejores promedios y ajuste del modelo lineal. Lo que se evidencia un mejor comportamiento en comparación de los otros dos volúmenes de sustrato (1 kg y 2 kg), lo que permite definir parcialmente un estándar del volumen a usar en la producción de plantas en vivero.

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The potential of agroforestry concessions to stabilize Amazonian forest frontiers: a case study on the economic and environmental robustness of informally settled small-scale cocoa farmers in Peru

Cited by 28 publications

References 54 publications

Elucidating Pathways and Discourses Linking Cocoa Cultivation to Deforestation, Reforestation, and Tree Cover Change in Nicaragua and Peru

Elucidating Pathways and Discourses Linking Cocoa Cultivation to Deforestation, Reforestation, and Tree Cover Change in Nicaragua and Peru

The Bioeconomy–Biodiversity Nexus: Enhancing or Undermining Nature’s Contributions to People?

Growing of cacao seedlings (Theobroma cacao) in the nursery, using different volumes of substrate

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