The Potential of Duplex Stainless Steel Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Abstract

The austenitic stainless steels utilized in the production of osteosynthesis devices are susceptible to crevice corrosion. Several studies have compared the corrosive behavior of austenitic and duplex stainless steels (DSS), both of which are recognized as viable biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. All of the in vitro and in vivo studies on animals and clinical results reported to date indicate that austeno-ferritic duplex stainless steel can be recommended as a suitable alternative to ASTM F138 steel, since it is resistant to crevice corrosion in the human body and presents superior mechanical properties. The use of DSS for biomedical applications is still under discussion, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of its behavior in terms of device heating or induced movement when exposed to magnetic fields, a potentially harmful effect for the human body. As a breakthrough production technology, additive manufacturing (AM) has demonstrated significant benefits for the fabrication of metal devices with patient-specific geometry. Laser powder bed fusion has particularly been used to manufacture DSS-based components. A fine control of the processing conditions allows for an understanding of DSS microstructural evolution, which is essential for selecting processing parameters and estimating performance, including mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Furthermore, scientific investigation is necessary for determining the relationships among material, process, and magnetic properties, in order to establish the underlying principles and critical responses. The purpose of this review is to highlight the key performances of DSS for biomedical applications and to point out the relevant role of advanced processing technologies such as additive manufacturing.

A Comparative Investigation of Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels Processed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion

“…Their excellent engineering performance has driven their expanded utility across diverse applications, predominantly within corrosive surroundings like sour gas pipelines and chemical reaction vessels [2,3]. Recently, duplex stainless steel was also used for biomedical applications [4,5]. The most common grades of duplex stainless steel encompass DSS 2205, also known as UNS S31803 (with a composition of 22% Cr, 3% Mo, 5% Ni, and 0.15% N), and SDSS 2507, or UNS S32750 (comprising 25% Cr, 4% Mo, 7% Ni, and 0.25% N) [6,7].…”

On the Biomechanical Performances of Duplex Stainless Steel Graded Scaffolds Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Literature studies on 2705 DSS for bio-purposes mostly refer to corrosion behavior in simulated body fluids [33]. From an electrochemical viewpoint, cast DSS has better performance than 18Cr-12Ni-2Mo austenitic SS because of its lower susceptibility to localized corrosion in body-simulated media [3].…”

Optimising Surface Roughness and Density in Titanium Fabrication via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

“…This technique allows for great design flexibility, making it possible to create complex and detailed shapes that were difficult to make using traditional methods. LPBF is particularly useful for the production of small to medium-sized components that require intricate detailing, particularly in biomedical [ 2 ], aerospace [ 3 ], automotive [ 4 ], and chemical and petrochemical applications [ 5 ]. One of the primary advantages of LPBF is its capability to produce highly complex geometries and designs that would be impossible to create using conventional manufacturing methods.…”