The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds—A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

Biernacka, Patrycja; Adamska, Iwona; Felisiak, Katarzyna

doi:10.3390/molecules28103993

Cited by 33 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 187 publications

(301 reference statements)

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“…Well known all over the world, Ginkgo biloba (Gb) contains flavonoids, terpene lactones and various other biological components ( Biernacka et al, 2023 ). Gb neuroprotective properties and favourable pharmacological effects on cognitive and neurological functions are attributed to the improvement of blood flow by inducing nitric oxide production, inhibition of platelet activating factors, its antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions, improvement of neuroplasticity, modulation of Aβ peptide aggregation and protection against mitochondrial dysfunction.…”

Section: Sailuotong (Mlc-slt) Development Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of SaiLuoTong (MLC-SLT) development in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

Ampil,

Ong,

Krespi

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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The dementia epidemic, attributed to aging populations, represents a growing socio-economic burden. It is estimated that in 2019 about 55 million people worldwide were living with dementia. With many possible causes of dementia and the possibility of mixed dementia combining Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia the question is whether diagnostic uncertainty exists or whether diagnostic constructs based on single etiologies are incorrect. Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID) designates the extent of cognitive dysfunctions from the most benign state to that of dementia, of vascular origin. We reviewed epidemiological, pathophysiological and clinical data on VCID with a focus on VaD, as well as key data on the development of a new therapeutic solution, SaiLuoTong (MLC-SLT). From documentary research executed on different web sources (PubMed, Clintrials.gov, Z-library and Google), our initial selection for the short review of VCID and VaD was based on keywords contained in each paragraph subtitles of this article with exclusion of publications in a language other than English or published before 2010. For the review of SaiLuoTong development, there was just the language exclusion criterion. Sorted by relevance and publication date, 47 references were selected from 140 shortlisted for review. With new evidence-based classification systems, vascular cognitive impairment was proposed as umbrella term covering all forms of cognitive deficits related to vascular causes. The scope of application expanded with the VCID which includes VaD and mixed pathologies. No drugs are approved for the treatment of VaD by major Western regulatory agencies, while some traditional Chinese medicines are registered in China. VCID treatment should have a dual focus: managing the underlying cerebrovascular disease and dementia symptoms. This is the objective set for the development of the MLC-SLT, the essential data of which are reviewed in detail. To strengthen VCID and VaD research, consensus groups should attempt to consolidate scattered local research initiatives into coordinated international programs. In two VaD clinical trials, MLC-SLT improved cognitive symptoms and activities of daily living, with good safety and potential disease-modifying effect. In a placebo-controlled study in 325 patients with mild to moderate VaD and randomized according to a delayed-start design, MLC-SLT demonstrated significant improvement in memory tests and performance in executive function tasks, expanding its place in the management of VCID. At week 26, changes in VADAS-cog scores (SD) from baseline were 23.25 (0.45) for MLC-SLT 180 mg bid), 23.05 (0.45) for MLC-SLT 120 mg bid (both p < 0.0001), and 20.57 (0.45) for placebo (p = 0.15). At week 52, differences between both groups MLC-SLT and placebo were 2.67 and 2.48, respectively (p < 0.0001), without significant difference between MLC-SLT groups.

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Section: Sailuotong (Mlc-slt) Development Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of SaiLuoTong (MLC-SLT) development in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

Ampil,

Ong,

Krespi

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…TTL can antagonize platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) [3] and protect nerves [4]. Flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and neuroprotective biological properties [5]. These two compounds are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [6,7], as well as metabolic syndrome (MetS) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc-Enhanced Regulation of the Ginkgo biloba L. Response and Secondary Metabolites

Zhang,

Luo,

Hou

et al. 2024

Forests

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Ginkgo biloba L. leaves are rich in secondary metabolites with important medicinal values; to increase their contents, foliar spraying of micronutrients is a potential strategy. Zinc, a multifunctional element, has a significant impact on the content of secondary metabolites in other plants, but relevant research into ginkgo is still lacking. In our study, different spraying time and concentration strategies were used to investigate the effects of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on physiological indicators and secondary metabolites of 2-year-old ginkgo. The results demonstrated that ZnSO4 could increase the contents of hydrogen peroxide, abscisic acid, and free amino acids in ginkgo leaves. It also enhances the antioxidant enzyme activity of ginkgo leaves, decreases the content of plant auxin, and ultimately facilitates the accumulation of ginkgo terpene lactones (TTL). Spraying ZnSO4 in June resulted in a more significant increase in the contents of TTL and flavonoids compared to spraying in August. After spraying 12 mmol/L ZnSO4 in June, the contents of TTL and flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were significantly elevated by 35.95% and 24.30%, respectively, compared to those in the CK (p < 0.05). The contents of ginkgolide A, B, and C were notably increased by 45.93%, 46.56%, and 74.29%, respectively, compared to those in the CK (p < 0.05). Therefore, our study suggests that the optimal timing for spraying ZnSO4 on ginkgo is in June, with a recommended concentration of 12 mmol/L. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the accumulation of secondary metabolites in ginkgo and guides the production of its leaf-utilization plantations.

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“…For example, Ginkgo offers multiple economic values and vernacular uses. The edible nuts, rich in nutritional value, have been enlisted in various dishes and desserts [14]. Additionally, the leaves and seeds are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases such as cough and asthma [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Drives the Spatial Variation of Interregional Ancient Trees? A Geoinformatics–Based Approach in Henan, Central China

Hou,

Ren,

Wang

et al. 2024

Forests

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In the context of ecological civilization construction in China, interregional ancient trees are important natural and cultural resources, and it is vital that they are effectively protected and utilized according to their spatial distribution and regional conditions in order to provide a balance between local economic development and the ecological environment. This article analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of 26,842 ancient trees and explores the underlying natural and human factors by using geoinformatics–based techniques (i.e., the nearest neighbor index, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation, and the geographically weighted regression model) in Henan Province, Central China. The research findings conclude that: (1) The interregional ancient trees show positive spatial autocorrelation, and the aggregation effect in Western Henan is the most significant. (2) The growing environment and elevation exert a more obvious influence on the spatial pattern of interregional ancient trees. (3) The main influencing factors per region are different, for example, historical culture in Western Henan, water source and elevation in Southern Henan, and the growing environment in Eastern Henan, while ancient trees in Northern Henan have a weak relationship with each factor. This research facilitates political strategy making for sustainable development and the protection of interregional ancient trees.

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The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds—A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

Cited by 33 publications

References 187 publications

A review of SaiLuoTong (MLC-SLT) development in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

A review of SaiLuoTong (MLC-SLT) development in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia

Zinc-Enhanced Regulation of the Ginkgo biloba L. Response and Secondary Metabolites

What Drives the Spatial Variation of Interregional Ancient Trees? A Geoinformatics–Based Approach in Henan, Central China

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