The potential of natural rubber (NR) in controlling morphology in two-matrix epoxy/NR/graphene nano-platelets (GNP) systems

Wei, Kam Ka; Teh, Pei Leng; Keat, Yeoh Cheow; Osman, Hakimah; Rasidi, Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105905

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…An epoxy/GNP nanocomposite filled with 5 vol% NR showed the highest values of flexural strength, flexural modulus and fracture toughness (K C ), as compared with LNR and rNR, due to better interfacial adhesion between the epoxy/NR/GNP system. Similar results were obtained on the properties of epoxy resin modified with natural rubber and graphene nanoplatelets [ 111 ].…”

Section: Hybrid Epoxy Nanocompositessupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Other liquid rubbers with specific physical properties have also been used in combination with nanoparticles to improve the properties of epoxy nanocomposites [ 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ]. Tang et al [ 108 ], for example, investigated the properties of epoxy resin modified with rigid silica nanoparticles (SNs) and phase-separated submicron soft rubber particles.…”

Section: Hybrid Epoxy Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) has been used by various researchers to modify epoxy resins, for its polarity and good compatibility with several polar polymers [ 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 ]. Leelachai et al [ 109 ] modified an epoxy resin cured with cycloaliphatic polyamine by using epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with silica nanoparticles (SNs).…”

Section: Hybrid Epoxy Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms—A Review

Białkowska¹,

Bakar²,

Kucharczyk

et al. 2023

Polymers

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This article presents a review on the recent advances in the field of ternary diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy nanocomposites containing nanoparticles and other modifiers. Particular attention is paid to their mechanical and thermal properties. The properties of epoxy resins were improved by incorporating various single toughening agents, in solid or liquid states. This latter process often resulted in the improvement in some properties at the expense of others. The use of two appropriate modifiers for the preparation of hybrid composites, possibly will show a synergistic effect on the performance properties of the composites. Due to the huge amount of modifiers that were used, the present paper will focus mainly on largely employed nanoclays with modifiers in a liquid and solid state. The former modifier contributes to an increase in the flexibility of the matrix, while the latter modifier is intended to improve other properties of the polymer depending on its structure. Various studies which were carried out on hybrid epoxy nanocomposites confirmed the occurrence of a synergistic effect within the tested performance properties of the epoxy matrix. Nevertheless, there are still ongoing research works using other nanoparticles and other modifiers aiming at enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins. Despite numerous studies carried out so far to assess the fracture toughness of epoxy hybrid nanocomposites, some problems still remain unresolved. Many research groups are dealing with many aspects of the subject, namely the choice of modifiers and preparation methods, while taking into account the protection of the environment and the use of components from natural resources.

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Section: Hybrid Epoxy Nanocompositessupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Hybrid Epoxy Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hybrid Epoxy Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms—A Review

Białkowska¹,

Bakar²,

Kucharczyk

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…To limit NR's drawbacks, many methods have been attempted from blending NR with other synthetic materials or adding fillers to chemical modification [9][10][11][12][13]. Efficient paths towards adding value to NR have been followed by incorporating new functional groups onto the natural polymer, chemical modification such as hydrogenation [14][15][16][17], epoxidation [18], and copolymerization with vinyl monomers over more than 50 years [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Vietnam Deproteinized Natural Rubber via Graft Copolymerization with Methyl Methacrylate

Nguyễn

Duy

Anh

et al. 2020

International Journal of Polymer Science

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In this study, we investigated the improvement of the thermal and mechanical properties of Vietnam deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) via graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). The graft copolymerization was achieved successfully in latex stage using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHPO) and tetra-ethylenepentamine (TEPA) as radical initiators at 30°C. By grafting with various MMA feeds and initiator concentration of 6.6×10−5 mol/g-rubber, the highest grafting efficiency and conversion were achieved at MMA of 15 wt.% per kg of rubber, 68% and 90%, respectively. The structure of grafted copolymers was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR-ATR, and GPC, and thermal properties were investigated through DSC and TGA measurements. These showed that graft copolymers were more stable and rigid than DPNR. Storage modulus (G′) of graft copolymer was found to double that of DPNR, which contributed to the formation of graft copolymer. After sulfur vulcanization, the mechanical properties of DPNR-graft-PMMA, such as tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness, were improved significantly. Curing behaviors of the graft copolymers were found to be remarkably better than virgin DPNR.

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“…At least five specimens were tested for each formulation. Based on the equilibrium swelling method, the numbers of moles of cross‐link units per 1 g of polymer (mol/g) could be determined 34 . The cross‐link density value could be calculated using the equation as discussed in the previous study 34 …”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison study: The effect of unmodified and modified graphene nano‐platelets (GNP) on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of different types of GNP‐filled materials

Wei

Teh

Keat

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Graphene nano‐platelet (GNP) nano‐fillers were successfully covalently functionalized with carboxylic and epoxide groups as proven by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. This paper reports the effect of unmodified and modified GNP nano‐fillers on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of GNP‐filled materials. The results show that the mechanical properties of GNP‐filled materials were enhanced with a modified GNP nano‐filler. Among the GNP‐filled materials, the modified epoxy/NR/GNP compatibilized material shows higher flexural and toughness properties. The modified GNP nano‐filler has reduced the thermal stability of the modified compatibilized material. This is because the oxygen‐containing groups (C–O–C and –COOH) on the surfaces of modified GNP nano‐fillers have lower thermal stability; which accelerates the thermal decomposition of the modified material. Modified compatibilized material shows higher electrical conductivity than the unmodified compatibilized material. X‐ray diffraction results proved that d‐spacing of modified GNP nano‐fillers in modified compatibilized material was shortest when compared to unmodified GNP nano‐fillers in unmodified compatibilized material, thus, allowing more electrons to travel at a faster rate through the conductive pathways.

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The potential of natural rubber (NR) in controlling morphology in two-matrix epoxy/NR/graphene nano-platelets (GNP) systems

Cited by 17 publications

References 47 publications

Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms—A Review

Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: Improvement in Mechanical Properties and Toughening Mechanisms—A Review

Improvement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Vietnam Deproteinized Natural Rubber via Graft Copolymerization with Methyl Methacrylate

Comparison study: The effect of unmodified and modified graphene nano‐platelets (GNP) on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of different types of GNP‐filled materials

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