The potential of serum S100 calcium-binding protein B and glial fibrillary acidic protein as biomarkers for traumatic brain injury

Clinical Theragnostic Signature of Extracellular Vesicles in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

“…TBI is thought to be a silent pandemic that causes a significant increase in global morbidity and mortality. This critical issue knows no bounds, impacting individuals of every age, gender, and race and wreaking havoc on their physical and financial well-being. , Even though older people may experience fewer negative psychological effects from TBI since they have had more time to develop coping mechanisms, Maas et al noted that the age group between 65 and 74 has the highest rate of TBI hospital admissions, followed by children and adolescents . The most recent recommendation from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for TBI reporting has modified the classification strategy.…”

“…According to estimates, 27 to 69 million people worldwide suffer from TBI annually . According to multiple studies, the incidence of TBI ranges from 150 to 170 per 100,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa . The reported decrease in the incidence of TBI during COVID-19 lockdowns can be attributed to decreased mobility as well as decreased participation in sports and recreational activities .…”

“…The reported decrease in the incidence of TBI during COVID-19 lockdowns can be attributed to decreased mobility as well as decreased participation in sports and recreational activities . Development of advanced solutions, increased access to care, and encouragement of clinical research can all help prevent and manage TBI effectively . A system for acute care must be developed, and prehospital emergency treatment should be encouraged.…”

“…A system for acute care must be developed, and prehospital emergency treatment should be encouraged. Though the United States Department of Defense considered this issue 10–15 years ago, mTBI has recently been elevated as a research priority, and similar public health concerns must be raised in developing countries as well. , Brain-specific TBI markers (GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), NfL (neurofilament light), UCH-L1 (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1), and total tau) have been extensively studied over the past decade, and are approved by FDA for diagnosis of mTBI. − …”