The potential of spatially resolved spectroscopy for monitoring angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane

Abstract

Over the last decade, the poultry sector has sought to develop ways to monitor chicken embryonic development as to optimize the incubation conditions. One of the parameters of development which may change under different incubation conditions is the angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). To be able to quantify these changes in the angiogenesis and detect long-term effects on health, a non-destructive technique is necessary. In this article, the first steps toward such a non-destructive technique are successfully taken. A spatially resolved spectroscopy set-up is built and tested for its potential to measure changes in angiogenesis with incubation time, and differences between a normal and hypercapnic incubation. In this first study, reflectance measurements are performed directly on the CAM as the eggshell considerably complicates the analysis. This issue should be addressed in future research to come to a really non-destructive technique. An experiment was conducted in which one group was incubated under normal conditions, and another under early prenatal hypercapnic conditions (i.e., increased CO(2) concentrations). The angiogenesis in the CAM was measured at embryonic day (ED) 10, 13, and 16. The measurements showed a clear blood spectrum with an increasing amount of blood in time, and significant differences in the reflectance as function of the source-detector distances. However, no significant differences between the hypercapnia and the control group could be detected.

Towards a brief definition of burnout syndrome by subtypes: Development of the "Burnout Clinical Subtypes Questionnaire" (BCSQ-12)

“…The maximum likelihood (ML) extraction method was used with varimax orthogonal rotation to facilitate interpretation, enabling relatively unrelated dimensions to be obtained. We had previously verified that: the correlations matrix presented a large number of significant values; all variables presented a value of r > 0.30; the absolute values of the anti-image matrix were close to 0; the matrix determining factor was very low; the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index was > 0.70; Barlett's test of sphericity was statistically significant; and the measures of sampling adequancy (MSA) were above 0.80 [13]. The number of components was decided using Kaiser's criterion, which requires eigenvalues > 1 [17], in addition to Cattel's scree test on the sedimentation graph [18].…”

“…Both are considered acceptable ≥ 0.9 [26-29]. RMSEA is a measurement of the error of approximation to the population and is considered acceptable < 0.08 [30], although values of < 0.06 [28] and < 0.05 [24] have also been proposed. Generally speaking, values < 0.05 are good, while those close to 0.08 are reasonable and values > 0.1 are unacceptable [31].…”

“…IFI also introduces a factor of scale, with values > 0.9 being acceptable [35]. CFI measures improvement in the measurement of non-centrality, also taking into account the parsimony of the model, and indicates good fit ≥0.9 [26], although > 0.9 [30] and ≥0.95 [34] have also been proposed.…”

An integrated fiber-optic probe combined with support vector regression for fast estimation of optical properties of turbid media

“…On the condition of low concentration of India ink, the absorption coefficient were approximated as 85% of the attenuation coefficient, and the rest 15% of the attenuation coefficient were regarded as the attribution of the scatting of the carbon particles [30]. The absorption coefficient of phantoms were deduced as the combined action of India ink and deionized water, and each absorption coefficient were weighted by the volume concentration of phantom [31]. Finally, the phantoms applied for the following experiment consisted of seven nominal reduced scattering coefficient (1.6, 3.2, 6.4, 8.3, 9.6, 10.7, 12.9 cm À1 ) and seven absorption coefficient (0.5, 0.8, 1.5, 2.6, 4.1, 8.2, 15.1 cm À1 ) at 633 nm, which covered the range of optical properties of common biomaterials.…”