The potential of the immunological markers of sarcoidosis in exhaled breath and peripheral blood as future diagnostic and monitoring techniques

Ahmadzai, Hasib; Wakefield, Denis; Thomas, Paul S.

doi:10.1007/s10787-011-0079-3

Cited by 21 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(152 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…There was no relationship between EBC cytokine concentrations and storage times up to 1 year in samples stored at − 80 ° C [ 157 ]. With newer technologies, EBC cytokine measurement may become useful in assessing airway inflammatory status for treatment monitoring and investigating disease pathophysiology [ 156 ].…”

Section: Cytokines Chemokines and Growth Factorsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Exhaled breath condensate: a comprehensive update

Ahmadzai

Huang²,

Hettiarachchi³

et al. 2013

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the late 1990s, a surge in interest in the analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) resulted in the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) organising a Task Force in 2001 to develop guidelines on EBC collection and measurement of biomarkers. This Task Force published their guidelines in 2005 based on literature and expert opinions at that time, and multiple shortcomings and knowledge deficits were also identified. The clinical application of EBC collection and its biomarkers are currently still limited by several of these knowledge gaps, hence further guidelines for standardisation are required to ensure external validity. Using related articles produced since the publication of the ATS/ERS Task Force report, this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive update to the original guideline and review the methodological shortcomings identified. This review can hopefully serve as a yardstick for future studies involving this emerging clinical tool.

show abstract

Section: Cytokines Chemokines and Growth Factorsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Exhaled breath condensate: a comprehensive update

Ahmadzai

Huang²,

Hettiarachchi³

et al. 2013

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Familial clustering of disease, increased concordance in monozygotic twins and racial differences suggest that genetic factors are important in sarcoidosis pathogenesis, presentation and outcomes 6 . The African American population has the highest incidence, with more severe and chronic disease 1 .…”

Section: Aetiology and Pathogenesis: Recent Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The African American population has the highest incidence, with more severe and chronic disease 1 . Human leucocyte antigen genotypes confer susceptibility and subtypes of sarcoidosis, 7 particularly a polymorphism in the butyrophilin‐like 2 receptor gene 6 , 7 . Associations with certain disease subtypes and within populations exist, indicating that susceptibility to sarcoidosis is complex and polygenic in nature.…”

Section: Aetiology and Pathogenesis: Recent Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcoidosis: a state of the art review from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand

Ahmadzai

Huang

Steinfort

et al. 2018

Medical Journal of Australia

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown aetiology, characterised by non-caseating granulomatous inflammation. It most commonly manifests in the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes but can affect any organ. This summary of an educational resource provided by the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand outlines the current understanding of sarcoidosis and highlights the need for further research. Our knowledge of the aetiology and immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis remains incomplete. The enigma of sarcoidosis lies in its immunological paradox of type 1 T helper cell-dominated local inflammation co-existing with T regulatory-induced peripheral anergy. Although specific aetiological agents have not been identified, mounting evidence suggests that environmental and microbial antigens may trigger sarcoidosis. Genome-wide association studies have identified candidate genes conferring susceptibility and gene expression analyses have provided insights into cytokine dysregulation leading to inflammation. Sarcoidosis remains a diagnosis of exclusion based on histological evidence of non-caseating granulomas with compatible clinical and radiological findings. In recent years, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes has facilitated the diagnosis, and whole body positron emission tomography scanning has improved localisation of disease. No single biomarker is adequately sensitive and specific for detecting and monitoring disease activity. Most patients do not require treatment; when indicated, corticosteroids remain the initial standard of care, despite their adverse side effect profile. Other drugs with fewer side effects may be a better long term choice (eg, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, mycophenolate), while tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors are a treatment option for patients with refractory disease.

show abstract

“…Ahmadzai et al . identified a variety of potential biomarkers, but the usefulness of novel biomarkers in clinical decision‐making for an individual patient requires further study 3 . None of the three patients reported in our case series had serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) levels, CSF CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios, lysozyme or β2‐microglobulin levels or positron‐emission tomography (PET) performed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%