The potential role of medicinal mushrooms as prebiotics in aquaculture: A review

Abstract

Aquaculture industry is one of the major food‐producing sectors in the world that provide nutritional food security for mankind. Fish and crustacean farmers are facing various challenges in treating the rapid spread of infectious diseases in recent times. Numerous strategies, including antibiotics, disinfectants, and other antimicrobial agents, have been applied to protect the cultivable aquatic animals from infectious diseases. These applications lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, toxicity, and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in cells and organelles of the cultivable edible organisms and the environment. The use of naturally derived compounds, polysaccharides, and functional metabolites has gained immense attention among aquaculturists. Mushrooms and their nutraceutical components have been widely used in various sectors, including food, pharmaceutical, poultry, and aquaculture industries, for their non‐toxic and eco‐friendly properties. To date, there are several reports available on edible and medicinal mushrooms as a dietary ingredient for fish and decapod crustacean culture. The mushroom products such as mycelia, stalk, dry powder, polysaccharides, and extracts have been utilized in aquaculture as growth promoters and immunostimulants, improving the digestive enzyme activity, antimicrobials, and improving the health status of cultivable aquatic animals. This present review elucidates the effectiveness of mushrooms and mushroom‐derived compounds as prebiotics in aquaculture. The challenges and future perspectives of mushroom‐derived bioactive molecules have been discussed in this review.

Does Dietary Sodium Alginate with Low Molecular Weight Affect Growth, Antioxidant System, and Haemolymph Parameters and Alleviate Cadmium Stress in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)?

“…For example, crude polysaccharides [63], Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides [64] in shrimps, and galactooligosaccharide in rainbow trout [65] resulted in this improvement. The many prebiotics' effects on the antioxidant system were reviewed elsewhere [66][67][68][69]. The results of current data align with those studies and show that this supplement improved the antioxidant system of shrimp and caused less change in this system after Cd stress.…”

Effects of Plant Polysaccharides Combined with Boric Acid on Digestive Function, Immune Function, Harmful Gas and Heavy Metal Contents in Faeces of Fatteners

“…Plant polysaccharides have various biological activities, which can regulate animal nutritional requirements and potentially improve their digestive capacity, thereby effectively reducing the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry [ 23 ]. Studies have shown that the feed supplemented with Astragalus polysaccharides effectively enhanced their immunity and growth performance in broiler chickens [ 24 ].…”

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides as immunostimulants against Vibrio harveyi in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatus)

“…Liu et al (2015) showed that G. lucidum polysaccharides could increase the mRNA expressional levels of TNF-a, IL-1b, caspase-3, caspase-8, and the enzyme activities of glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxalate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase in hepatocytes from Cyprinus carpio L. The above-mentioned results reveal that Chinese herbal medicine has the potential to improve the immune responses and disease resistance of aquaculture animals. The effectiveness of mushrooms and mushroom-derived compounds as prebiotics in aquaculture has been reviewed by Mohan et al (2022). GLPs, as one of the bioactive components isolated from the G. lucidum fruiting body, has been confirmed to affect immune cells and immune-related cells, including B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells (Xu et al, 2011).…”