The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology

Abstract

The human gut is colonized by commensal microorganisms, predominately bacteria that have coevolved in symbiosis with their host. The gut microbiota has been extensively studied in recent years, and many important findings on how it can regulate host metabolism have been unraveled. In healthy individuals, feeding timing and type of food can influence not only the composition but also the circadian oscillation of the gut microbiota. Host feeding habits thus influence the type of microbe‐derived metabolites produced and their concentrations throughout the day. These microbe‐derived metabolites influence many aspects of host physiology, including energy metabolism and circadian rhythm. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of ligand‐activated transcription factors that regulate various metabolic processes such as fatty acid metabolism. Similar to the gut microbiota, PPAR expression in various organs oscillates diurnally, and studies have shown that the gut microbiota can influence PPAR activities in various metabolic organs. For example, short‐chain fatty acids, the most abundant type of metabolites produced by anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota, are PPAR agonists. In this review, we highlight how the gut microbiota can regulate PPARs in key metabolic organs, namely, in the intestines, liver, and muscle. Knowing that the gut microbiota impacts metabolism and is altered in individuals with metabolic diseases might allow treatment of these patients using noninvasive procedures such as gut microbiota manipulation.—Oh, H. Y. P., Visvalingam, V., Wahli, W. The PPAR–microbiota–metabolic organ trilogy to fine‐tune physiology. FASEB J. 33, 9706–9730 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

Magnetic fields modulate metabolism and gut microbiome in correlation with Pgc‐1α expression: Follow‐up to an in vitro magnetic mitohormetic study

“…These amino acids are precursors in the synthesis of the SCFAs, known to modulate obesity 113 and recognized PPAR agonists targeted to muscle. 85 Notably, butyrate is known to induce PGC-1α gene expression in skeletal muscleand adipose tissue as well as stimulates free fatty acid oxidation, 17 aligning with the results presented in this study. Enterocytes also use glutamate and aspartate as an energy source during epithelial layer renewal and nutrient absorption.…”

“…On the contrary, longer-term endurance exercise 72 or PEMF exposure ( Figure 1C reinforcement in effect closes the loop between muscle (large activatable pool of mitochondria) and microbiome function. 85 Indeed, bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and muscle mitochondria is now supported by numerous studies demonstrating that muscle mitochondria and the commensal gut microbiota cross talk (via the SCFAs that potentiate PGC-1α function) to modulate redox balance and systemic inflammation. 17,86,87 Adipose beiging is another accepted exercise adaptation that is likewise dependent on PGC-1α expression and associated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis.…”

The Gut Microbiota in Women Suffering from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with the Failure of Glycemic Control by Lifestyle Modification

“…In particular, our study suggested that PPAR was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and negatively correlated with Blautia . Many literatures have reported that fatty acids can increase insulin sensitivity through the PPAR signaling pathway, thereby regulating blood glucose levels, which was closely related to the occurrence of GDM [68–70]. In our study, there is a positive correlation between Faecalibacterium in stool and blood glucose levels, while Blautia is the opposite.…”

Dietary Supplementation of ε-Polylysine Beneficially Affects Ileal Microbiota Structure and Function in Ningxiang Pigs

“…from the human gut, which produces high levels of butyric acid in vitro and is a net producer of acetate, had detectable butyrate kinase, acetate kinase, and butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA transferase activities. Butyric acid is an important SCFA, and Oh et al (2019) demonstrated that SCFAs can activate the AMPK/PPAR pathway directly or by activating adipose tissue and can ultimately regulate fatty acid oxidation. Thus, Coprococcus sp.…”