The pre–mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease

Reisberg, Barry; Prichep, Leslie S.; Mosconi, Lisa; John, E. Roy; Głodzik-Sobańska, Lidia; Boksay, István; Monteiro, Isabel; Torossian, Carol; Vedvyas, Alok; Ashraf, Nauman; Jamil, Imran A.; Leon, Mony J. de

doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2007.11.017

Cited by 254 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Finally, DW is not equivalent to subjective Eur J Ageing (2012) 9:275-284 277 cognitive impairment (SCI) as indicated by subjective memory complaints (Reisberg et al 2008). An individual who believes that her/his memory is poor may not necessarily attribute clinical significance to his/her symptoms; in turn, an individual with good subjective memory functioning may nonetheless fear that he/she will develop dementia in the future.…”

Section: Defining Dwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dementia worry: a psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon

et al. 2012

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According to recent surveys, dementia worry (DW) is a widespread phenomenon in mid-life and old age, at least in Western populations. DW has been shown to be only loosely related to sociodemographic factors. Unfortunately, the concept of DW has found only very little conceptual and empirical attention in previous research. In this conceptual review, we take (mostly) a psychological approach to DW. First, we define DW as an emotional response to the perceived threat of developing dementia. We then conceptualise DW as a hybrid, combining elements of ageing anxiety and health anxiety. On the population level, we argue that the high prevalence of DW may be reflective of the increasing awareness of dementia in times of increasing ''dementia encounters', widespread misperceptions of risks and consequences of dementia and a perceived lack of coping resources. Finally, we propose that DW may affect a range of important behaviours, such as how people interpret evidence of their own or others' age-related cognitive changes, how they interact with people with dementia, how they anticipate and plan for their future, how they engage in screening and prevention behaviours and how they exploit healthcare resources. We conclude with suggestions for future research, including a further in-depth investigation of psychological and micro-/ macrosocial factors associated with DW.

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Section: Defining Dwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dementia worry: a psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon

et al. 2012

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“…Cognitive decline in the elderly is believed to exist on a continuum ranging from normal age-related changes, to subjective impairment, MCI and dementia [17][18][19] with accompanying biomarker models being proposed [18] . Subjective ratings of health have been shown to be associated with impairment in functional and cognitive status [20] and brief self-reports, which can be easily obtained, have shown potential for predicting cognitive decline [21] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sensitivity and Specificity of Subjective Memory Complaints and the Subjective Memory Rating Scale, Deterioration Cognitive Observee, Mini-Mental State Examination, Six-Item Screener and Clock Drawing Test in Dementia Screening

Ramlall¹,

Chipps²,

Bhigjee³

et al. 2013

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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Background:The effectiveness of dementia screening depends on the availability of suitable screening tools with good sensitivity and specificity to confidently distinguish normal agerelated cognitive decline from dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the discriminant validity of 7 screening measures for dementia. Methods: A sample of 140 participants aged ≥60 years living in a residential facility for the aged were assessed clinically and assigned caseness for dementia using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revised diagnostic criteria. Sensitivity and specificity of a selection of the following screening measures were tested using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for individual and combined tests: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Six-Item Screener (SIS), Subjective Memory Complaint, Subjective Memory Complaint Clinical (SMCC), Subjective Memory Rating Scale (SMRS), Deterioration Cognitive Observee (DECO) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT). Results: Using ROC analyses, the SMCC, MMSE and CDT were found to be 'moderately accurate' in screening for dementia with an area under the curve (AUC) >0.70. The AUCs for the SIS (0.526), SMRS (0.661) and DECO (0.687) classified these measures as being 'less accurate'. At recommended cutoff scores, the SMCC had a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 45.7%; the MMSE had a sensitivity of 63.6% and a specificity of 76.0%, and the CDT had a sensitivity of 44.4% and a specificity of 88.9%. Combining the SMCC and MMSE did not improve their predictive power except for a modest increase when using the sequential rule. Conclusion: The SMCC is composed of valid screening questions that have high sensitivity, are simple to administer and ideal for administration at the community or primary health care level as a first level of 'rule-out' screening. The MMSE can be included at a second stage of screening at the general hospital level and the CDT in specialist clinical settings. Sequential use of the SMCC and MMSE will improve the specificity of the former and the sensitivity of the latter.

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“…Anxiety is also increasingly recognized (independently from depression) as a common symptom in older adults individuals living with various aetiologies of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body disease, posterior cortical atrophy, dementia associated with Parkinson's disease, and in subjective and mild cognitive impairment, tending to result in poorer quality of life, problematic behaviours, limitations in activities of daily living, nighttime awakening and poorer neuropsychological performance [43,65,69,[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85]. The relationship between anxiety and dementia is however both complex and controversial with overlap between the symptoms of anxiety and dementia and other behavioral and psychological problems such as agitation and depression [10,12,43,62,65,71,73,77,82,[86][87][88].…”

Section: The Potential Impact Of Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although anxiety may increase the rate of conversion of MCI to Alzheimer's disease, be related to neuropathological status, associated with an increased risk of developing AD, and to influence cognitive impairment in MCI [19,47,62,68,73,74,87,89], directionality is complex [47,71,74,90]. For example, in some individuals, perceived change in cognition or a diagnosis of MCI or SCI, can promote anxiety, whereas others are more susceptible to both anxiety and cognitive impairment [12,65,68,70,79,82]. Nevertheless, one can argue that treating anxiety in cognitive impairment or dementia may both remove a potential detrimental contributor to cognitive function and also improve the health and wellbeing of the individual living with these conditions.…”

Section: The Potential Impact Of Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety in old age and dementia - implications for clinical and research practice

Tales¹,

Basoudan²

2016

Neuropsychiatry (London)

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While extensive research has been performed in relation to anxiety in general, there is a marked paucity of investigation on older adulthood, especially in relation to those individuals living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, with the majority of such studies clinically based and focusing upon 'formal' anxiety disorders. It is however becoming increasingly evident that the detrimental effects of anxiety are not limited to clinical anxiety disorders but can instead occur in response to anxiety per se, i.e., sub-syndromal anxiety including various levels of trait and state anxiety. Furthermore, it is increasingly apparent that even non-clinical anxiety can influence many more components of information processing than previously recognized.

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The pre–mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract: Studies of therapeutic agents in SCI treatment and resultant Alzheimer's disease prevention appear to be feasible. These trials are also necessary from a public health perspective.

Cited by 254 publications

References 52 publications

Dementia worry: a psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon

Dementia worry: a psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon

The Sensitivity and Specificity of Subjective Memory Complaints and the Subjective Memory Rating Scale, Deterioration Cognitive Observee, Mini-Mental State Examination, Six-Item Screener and Clock Drawing Test in Dementia Screening

Anxiety in old age and dementia - implications for clinical and research practice

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