The precancerous effect of emitted cooking oil fumes on precursor lesions of cervical cancer

Abstract

Although cooking emission from high-temperature frying has been deemed a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, little is known about its impact on cervical tumorigenesis. To investigate the precancerous consequence of cooking oil fumes on cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), a community-based case-control study, which takes all known risk factors into consideration, was conducted in Taiwan. From 2003 to 2008, in a Pap smear screening and biopsy examination network, 206 pathology-verified women with inflammations/atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or CIN grade-1 (CIN1) and 73 with CIN223 (defined as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL), respectively); and 1,200 area-and-age-matched controls with negative cytology were recruited. Multinomial logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis to determine the likelihood of contracting LGSIL or HGSIL. The risks of the two lesions increased with the increase of carcinogenic high-risk human papillomavirus DNA load, with a clear dose-response relationship. Chefs were observed to experience a 7.9-fold elevated HGSIL risk. Kitchens with poor fume ventilation during the main cooking life-stage correlated to a 3.7-fold risk of HGSIL, but not for LGSIL. More than 1 hr of daily cooking in kitchens with poor fume conditions appeared to confer an 8.4-fold HGSIL risk, with an 8.3-fold heterogeneously higher odds ratio than that (aOR 5 1.0) for LGSIL. Similar risk pattern has been reproduced among never-smoking women. Our findings demonstrate the association between indoor exposure to cooking fumes from heated oil and the late development of cervical precancerous lesions. This final conclusion needs to be verified by future research.

Effects on uric acid, body mass index and blood pressure in adolescents of consuming beverages sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup

“…Factors that change the effect of interest by 410%, and/or that were determined to be confounders in previous studies, were considered to be confounding factors. 28,29 Covariates that were adjusted for in the final regression models included: study area (Kaohsiung city, Pingtung county, Taitung county), age (year), gender, physical activity (tertiles), total calories (kcal per day), the intake of meat (o7 and X7 servings per week), seafood (o1, 1-3, X4 servings per day), fruit (1-6, 7, 47 servings per week), fried food (o1, 1-3, X4 times per week) and food with jelly/honey (o1, 1-3, X4 times per week), as well as the status of alcohol drinking (no, yes) and cigarette smoking (no, yes). To investigate the influence of SSB consumption on being overweight or obese (defined as BMI 25-29.9 and X30 kg m À 2 , respectively), as well as on hyperuricemia (no and yes for definitions I and II), we separately used multinomial and binary logistic regression models to estimate the related risks, which were measured using an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.…”

Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents

“…A fundamental regression model including age, sex and study area was used to assess potential confounders. Factors that altered the effect of interest by >10% or that had been determined as confounders in prior studies were considered confounding factors [27,28]. Covariates, including study area, age, physical activity, total calories, the intake of meat, fruit, fried food, food with jelly/honey, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, were evaluated as confounders.…”

Elevated Serum Triglyceride and Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Levels Associated with Fructose-Sweetened Beverages in Adolescents

“…A basic regression model including age, gender and study area was used to appraise potential confounders. Variables that altered the effect of interest by >10% or that had been established as confounders by previous studies were regarded as confounding factors [30], [31]. Pearson's correlation tests were used to examine the possible linear association of RBP4 with anthropometric and clinical parameters among adolescents who consumed different types of SSBs.…”