The precision of daphnid (Daphnia magna Straus, 1820) static acute toxicity tests

Gersich, FM; Blanchard, Fred A.; Applegath, SL; Park, C N

doi:10.1007/bf01054921

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…A distinction has indeed to be made between results of assays performed in a particular laboratory in several replicates, or repeated in a very short period of time, and that of "quality control" tests which reflect "long term" intra-laboratory performance capability. In their study on the precision of D. magna static acute tests, Gersich et al (1986) (1979). The exercise made use of the "draft standard" which is at the basis of ISO standard 6341 "Water Quality -Determination of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) -Acute toxicity test" which was subsequently issued by the ISO in 1982 with a revision in 1996 (ISO, 1996).…”

Section: Test Sensitivity and Test Precisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the acuteDaphnia magnatoxicity test – Evaluation of the sensitivity and the precision of assays performed with organisms from laboratory cultures or hatched from dormant eggs

Persoone

Baudo

Cotman

et al. 2009

Knowl. Managt. Aquatic Ecosyst.

103

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYOne of the most internationally used bioassays for toxicity screening of chemicals and for toxicity monitoring of effluents and contaminated waters is the acute toxicity test with daphnid crustaceans, and in particular that performed with Daphnia magna. Standard methods have been developed for this assay that were gradually endorsed by national and international organisations dealing with toxicity testing procedures, in view of its application within a regulatory framework. As for all toxicity tests, the organisms used for the acute D. magna assay have to be obtained from live stocks which are cultured in the laboratory on live food (micro-algae). Unsurprisingly the various standard protocols of this particular assay differ -at least to a certain extent -with regard to the test organism culturing conditions. In addition, some technical aspects of the toxicity test such as the effect criterion (mortality of immobility), the exposure time, the type of dilution water, etc., also vary from one standard to another. Although this particular assay is currently used in many countries, the technical and biological problems inherent in year-round culturing and availability of the biological material and the culturing/maintenance costs of live stocks restrict its application to a limited number of highly specialised laboratories. This fundamental bottleneck in toxicity testing triggered investigations which brought forward the concept of "microbiotests" or "small-scale" toxicity tests. "Culture/maintenance free" aquatic microbiotests with species of different phylogenetic groups were developed in the early 1990s at the Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology at the Ghent University in Belgium. These assays which were given the generic name "Toxkits", are unique in that they employ dormant stages ("cryptobiotic eggs") of the test species, which can be stored for long periods of time and "hatched" at the time of performance of the assays. One of these microbiotests is the Daphtoxkit F magna, which is currently used in many laboratories worldwide for research as well as for toxicity monitoring purposes. The microbiotest technology has several advantages in comparison to the "traditional" tests based on laboratory cultures, especially its independence of the stock culturing burden. However, the acceptance (or possible non-acceptance) of performing assays with test organisms obtained from "dormant eggs" should be clearly dictated by the "sensitivity" and "precision" criteria of the former assays in comparison to the latter. The first part of this review therefore thoroughly reviews the scientific literature and of data obtained from various laboratories for assays performed with either D. magna test organisms obtained from lab cultures or hatched from dormant eggs. Attention has focused on data of quality control tests performed on reference chemicals, and in particular on potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) for which an acceptability range of 0.6-2.1 mg·L -1 has been set in ISO standard 6...

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Section: Test Sensitivity and Test Precisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the acuteDaphnia magnatoxicity test – Evaluation of the sensitivity and the precision of assays performed with organisms from laboratory cultures or hatched from dormant eggs

Persoone

Baudo

Cotman

et al. 2009

Knowl. Managt. Aquatic Ecosyst.

103

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“…n-Octanol −126.60 Ph, Ss, Dm, Ns, Al, Li, Pp Juhnke and Lüdemann, 1978; Veith et al, 1983a,b;Broderius and Kahl, 1985;Tarkpea et al, 1986; McCarty, 1987;Pickering et al, 1989;Kühn and Pattard, 1990;Vaishnav and Korthals, 1990 81.67 , 1966;Brown et al, 1967;Canton and Adema, 1978;Buikema and Benfield, 1980;Chang et al, 1981;Pickering et al, 1983;Ribo and Kaiser, 1983;Sloof, 1983;Sloof et al, 1983;Phipps et al, 1984;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986; BUA, 1988;Streit, 1991; Rippen, 1993 139.58 Chlorobenzene 102.30 Ph, Sc, Cd, Dm, Br, Ca, Cv, Li, Om, Om, Pp, Pr Pickering andHenderson, 1966;Spehar et al, 1981;Wellens, 1982;Calamari et al, 1983;Mayes et al, 1983;Janardan et al, 1984;Bobra et al, 1985;Cowgill et al, 1985;McCarty et al, 1985;Gersich et al, 1986;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986;Cowgill and Milazzo, 1991; WHO, 1991;Rippen, 1993 Hermens et al, 1984a;Bobra et al, 1985;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986;Kühn and Pattard, 1990; WHO, 1991;Rippen, 1993 139.84…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Thus, the question of the functional relationship awaits further investigation. For this reason, the regression equations may not convey a lot of meaning at this LeBlanc, 1980;Hermens et al, 1984a;Janardan et al, 1984;Malle, 1984;Phipps et al, 1984;Rippen, 1993 Knie et al, 1983;Mayes et al, 1983;Hermens et al, 1984a;Phipps et al, 1984;Gersich et al, 1986;Hodson et al, 1988;Kühn and Pattard, 1990;Cowgill and Milazzo, 1991;Rippen, 1993 101.24Tetrachloromethane −45.10 Dm, Li, Lm, Ol, Om, Pp Phipps et al, 1984;Yoshioka et al, 1986;Abernethy et al, 1988;Rippen, 1993 101.591,2-Dichloroethane −72.93 Dm, Cv, Li, Lm, Om, Pp Qureshi et al, 1982;Knie et al, 1983;Hermens et al, 1984a;Moore et al, 1991b;Rippen, 1993 Janardan et al, 1984;Malle, 1984;Moore et al, 1991b;Smith et al, 1991;Rippen, 1993 107.74Hexachloroethane −49.62 Dm, Dp, Cv, Ca, Ga, Ip, Li, Lm, Om, Pp Buikema and Benfield, 1980;Heitmüller et al, 1981;Gupta and Rao, 1982;Veith et al, 1983a;Janardan et al, 1984;Malle, 1984;Mount and Norberg, 1984;Thurston et al, 1985; BUA, 1989b 102.94 …”

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confidence: 95%

Influence of the Energy Relationships of Organic Compounds on Their Specificity toward Aquatic Organisms

Genoni

1997

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…However, these variances are generally smaller than the variance among tests, which is a more relevant measure of uncertainty. In general, variance among tests using the same protocol results in a 95% confidence bound of rt a factor of two (Canton and Adema 1978;McKim 1985;Gersich et al 1986). In addition to this variance, which is inherent in the test, extrapolations between test species, life stages, response parameters, etc.…”

Section: Defining Effects Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance for treatment of variability and uncertainty in ecological risk assessments of contaminated sites

1998

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The precision of daphnid (Daphnia magna Straus, 1820) static acute toxicity tests

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Review on the acuteDaphnia magnatoxicity test – Evaluation of the sensitivity and the precision of assays performed with organisms from laboratory cultures or hatched from dormant eggs

Review on the acuteDaphnia magnatoxicity test – Evaluation of the sensitivity and the precision of assays performed with organisms from laboratory cultures or hatched from dormant eggs

Influence of the Energy Relationships of Organic Compounds on Their Specificity toward Aquatic Organisms

Guidance for treatment of variability and uncertainty in ecological risk assessments of contaminated sites

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