Artificial neural networks (ANN), which have been a hot topic in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) since the 1980s, are widely applied these years for their strong ability in the field of nonlinear mapping, pattern recognition, robots, automatic control, biology, economy and so on. This review presents and summarizes the history of artificial neural networks, briefly introducing the application of artificial neural networks. After that, the paper focuses on an overview of research advances in neural networks for polymer composites and introduces several classical categories of applications. Finally, we look ahead to the development of neural network applications in polymer composites and provide a future outlook for the application of artificial neural network in polymer composites.