The Predictive Brain State: Timing Deficiency in Traumatic Brain Injury?

Ghajar, Jamshid; Ivry, Richard B.

doi:10.1177/1545968308315600

Cited by 74 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…By contrast, those participants who reported less absent-minded activities employed a pre-emptive 'slow-and-steady' right prefrontal pattern of activation to exert control. Theoretical views propose that brain injury may cause a pathological shift from a predictive to a reactive mode of engagement due to timing deficiencies brought about by shearing of white matter connectivity between prefrontal, parietal and cerebella structures (Ghajar and Ivry, 2008).…”

Section: Inhibitory Control and Cognitive Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological markers of cognitive deficits in traumatic brain injury: A review

Dockree

Robertson

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Section: Inhibitory Control and Cognitive Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological markers of cognitive deficits in traumatic brain injury: A review

Dockree

Robertson

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…1 Patients often show persistent impairments in information processing speed, memory, and executive function, which limit recovery. [1][2][3] The pathophysiologic basis for these problems remain incompletely understood. 4 However, the presence of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) appears to be particularly important in determining the pattern of cognitive problems.…”

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confidence: 99%

Traumatic brain injury impairs small-world topology

et al. 2013

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Objective: We test the hypothesis that brain networks associated with cognitive function shift away from a "small-world" organization following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods:We investigated 20 TBI patients and 21 age-matched controls. Resting-state functional MRI was used to study functional connectivity. Graph theoretical analysis was then applied to partial correlation matrices derived from these data. The presence of white matter damage was quantified using diffusion tensor imaging.Results: Patients showed characteristic cognitive impairments as well as evidence of damage to white matter tracts. Compared to controls, the graph analysis showed reduced overall connectivity, longer average path lengths, and reduced network efficiency. A particular impact of TBI is seen on a major network hub, the posterior cingulate cortex. Taken together, these results confirm that a network critical to cognitive function shows a shift away from small-world characteristics. Conclusions:We provide evidence that key brain networks involved in supporting cognitive function become less small-world in their organization after TBI. This is likely to be the result of diffuse white matter damage, and may be an important factor in producing cognitive impairment after TBI. Neurology Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently produces cognitive deficits.1 Patients often show persistent impairments in information processing speed, memory, and executive function, which limit recovery.1-3 The pathophysiologic basis for these problems remain incompletely understood. 4 However, the presence of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) appears to be particularly important in determining the pattern of cognitive problems. [5][6][7][8] Cognitive functions are dependent on the efficient functioning of distributed brain networks, which consist of spatially separated brain regions connected by white matter tracts. TAI can disrupt these connections, 9,10 and can impair network functioning.6,11 A detailed description of brain network function is likely to be important for understanding how TBI affects high-level cognitive processes.Graph theory allows a quantitative analysis of network organization and has recently found application in the study of brain function.12,13 Graph theory describes brain networks as sets of interacting nodes (distinct brain regions or groups of neurons) connected by edges (white matter tracts). Networks with high levels of local node clustering and relatively few connecting edges strike an optimal balance between the demands of specialized processing in local modules and the need for integrated processing across the whole network, and are said to have a small-world architecture. 13 The disruption of small-worldness has been observed in a number of neurologic conditions. 14,15 As TAI disrupts the connections of distributed brain networks, graph theoretical analysis is likely to offer insights into the dysfunction of these networks following TBI.

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“…This finding can be possibly explained by the preservation of occipital and posterior brain areas in many of the patients. Most patients had frontal and temporal lesions and these regions are known to be particularly vulnerable to cognitive deficits related to memory and executive functions 2,[5][6][7][8]14 . Patients with left frontal lesions presented more difficulties on verbal episodic memory, on both recognition and delayed recall, as well as, on executive functions.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Impairments of executive functions affect mental flexibility, planning, self-monitoring, and problem solving 2 . These impairments can compromise other abilities, such as attention and memory 13,14 . After the period of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), patients who experienced severe TBI may present memory disorders of variable intensity 15 ; damages of short term and long term 7,[9][10][11]16,17 memory.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive deficits in patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury

Miotto

Cinalli

Serrão

et al. 2010

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most frequent causes of brain damage. Cognitive deficits reported in the literature after moderate to severe TBI include memory, language, executive functions, attention and information processing speed impairments. However, systematic studies on patients with mild TBI are scarce although neuropsychological changes are present. Objective: To investigate the cognitive functioning of patients with mild to moderate TBI. Method: We evaluated 12 patients with mild to moderate TBI using a comprehensive protocol (PN01) of neuropsychological tests. Results: There were significant deficits of episodic memory including immediate and delayed verbal memory recall, verbal recognition, immediate and delayed visual memory recall, naming, verbal fluency and information processing speed. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of comprehensive neuropsychological assessments even in cases of mild TBI in order to identify impaired and preserved functions providing adequate managing including rehabilitation programs for each case. Key words: traumatic brain injury, cognitive deficits, mild to moderate level.Alterações neuropsicológicas em pacientes com traumatismo crânio encefálico levemoderado RESUMO Traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE) é uma das causas mais freqüentes de lesão cerebral. São relatados na literatura déficits cognitivos após TCE moderado-grave relacionados à memória, linguagem, funções executivas, atenção e velocidade de processamento de informações. Estudos em pacientes com TCE leve são escassos embora alterações neuropsicológicas sejam encontradas nestes pacientes. Objetivo: Investigar o funcionamento cognitivo de pacientes com TCE leve e moderado através de um protocolo abrangente (PN01) de testes neuropsicológicos. Método: Foram avaliados 12 pacientes com TCE leve e moderado. Resultados: Foram identificados déficits graves de memória episódica verbal para evocação imediata, tardia e de reconhecimento, de memória episódica visuo-espacial para evocação imediata e tardia, nomeação, fluência verbal nominal e velocidade de processamento de informações. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo argumentam a favor da importância de avaliação neuropsicológica abrangente mesmo em casos de TCE leve a fim de se identificar funções comprometidas e preservadas, proporcionando condutas e programas de reabilitação adequados a cada caso. Palavras-chave: traumatismo crânio encefálico, déficits cognitivos, grau leve e moderado.

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The Predictive Brain State: Timing Deficiency in Traumatic Brain Injury?

Cited by 74 publications

References 108 publications

Electrophysiological markers of cognitive deficits in traumatic brain injury: A review

Electrophysiological markers of cognitive deficits in traumatic brain injury: A review

Traumatic brain injury impairs small-world topology

Cognitive deficits in patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury

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