The Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R)

Abstract

Initial construct validation and feasibility of the PIPP-R was demonstrated. Further testing with infants of varying gestational ages, diagnoses, and pain conditions is required; as is exploration of PIPP-R in relation to other types of physiological and cognitive responses.

Prevention and Management of Procedural Pain in the Neonate: An Update

“…29,39 Contextual factors such as gestational age and behavioral state may play a significant role in pain assessment and are beginning to be included in some assessment tools (eg, the PIPP-Revised). 40,41 New and emerging technologies to measure pain responses, such as near-infrared spectroscopy, amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, functional MRI, skin conductance, and heart rate variability assessment, are being investigated. 53,54 These innovations hold promise in the development of neurophysiologically based methods for assessing noxious stimuli processing at the cortical level in neonates while they are awake, sedated, or anesthetized.…”

“…40,41 More research needs to be performed to assess the intensity of both acute and chronic pain at the bedside, to differentiate signs and symptoms of pain from those attributable to other causes, and to understand the significance of situations when there is no perceptible response to pain. 40,41 However, even with those limitations, one can use the available evidence to choose a pain assessment tool that is appropriate for the type of pain assessed (acute, prolonged, postoperative) and advocate for the competency of the neonatal care provider team with the specific use of that tool. 58 Table 1 lists commonly used pain assessment tools and the evidence used to test them.…”

Validation of the Persian Version of Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised in Hospitalized Infants at the Neonatal Intensive Care Units

“…According to the studies, if there is a specific instruction, nurses can benefit more from a valid tool in clinical practice (17). Therefore, in order to ensure the proper use of a pain assessment tool by nurses, it is essential to train them, so that they use it routinely in clinical practice.…”

“…At this phase, heel prick was the painful procedure and changing diapers was the non-painful procedure (17,29). The data used in this section were those on 100 premature infants in the previous study under the heel prick procedure.…”

“…It has scores of 0 -21 where 0 -6 indicate no pain, 7 -12 indicate moderate pain, and 12 -21 indicate severe pain. The tool was revised and its scoring method was modified in 2014 as premature infant pain profile-revised (PIPP-R), in that the gestational age and behavioral state indicators are scored after the behavioral and physiological response to pain assessment (17).…”