We present a science forecast for the eBOSS survey. Focusing on discrete tracers, we forecast the expected accuracy of the baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO), the redshift-space distortion (RSD) measurements, the f NL parameter quantifying the primordial non-Gaussianity, the dark energy and modified gravity parameters. We also use the line-of-sight clustering in the Ly-α forest to constrain the total neutrino mass. We find that eBOSS LRGs, ELGs and Clustering Quasars (CQs) can achieve a precision of 1%, 2.2% and 1.6%, respectively, for spherically averaged BAO distance measurements. Using the same samples, the constraint on f σ 8 is expected to be 2.5%, 3.3% and 2.8% respectively. For primordial non-Gaussianity, eBOSS alone can reach an accuracy of σ(f NL ) ∼ 10−15. eBOSS can at most improve the dark energy Figure of Merit (FoM) by a factor of 3 for the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) parametrisation, and can well constrain three eigenmodes for the general equation-of-state parameter. eBOSS can also significantly improve constraints on modified gravity parameters by providing the RSD information, which is highly complementary to constraints obtained from weak lensing measurements. A principle component analysis (PCA) shows that eBOSS can measure the eigenmodes of the effective Newton's constant to 2% precision; this is a factor of 10 improvement over that achievable without eBOSS. Finally, we derive the eBOSS constraint (combined with Planck, DES and BOSS) on the total neutrino mass, σ(Σm ν ) = 0.03eV (68% CL), which in principle makes it possible to distinguish between the two scenarios of neutrino mass hierarchies.