“…Between 1930 and 1945, there were several major studies intended to codify and unify teacher preparation (e.g., Charters and Waples, 1929;Evenden, 1933). Although handbooks that synthesized research on teaching and teacher preparation did not yet exist, there were several early efforts to review the research (e.g., Peik, 1940Peik, , 1943Peik, , 1946Peik and Hurd, 1937a, b). Most of these concluded that the teacher preparation curriculum was narrow in both professional and subject matter emphases, inconsistent across institutions, not reflective of professional consensus about core teacher attributes, and in need of major reorganization (Cochran- Smith and Fries, 2008;Zeichner, 1999).…”