The presence of acidic and neutral drugs in treated sewage effluents and receiving waters in the Cornwallis and Annapolis River watersheds and the Mill CoveSewage Treatment Plant in Nova Scotia, Canada

Crouse, Brian A.; Ghoshdastidar, Avik J.; Tong, Anthony Z.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.11.011

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Four acidic and two neutral drugs were detected in the waste water from nine treatments obtained from Annapolis Valley and Halifax regional metropolis. Caffeine, salicylic acid, and cotinine were detected using mass spectra equipped with gas chromatogram (Crouse et al 2012). Trimethoprim is detected using HPLC-MS/MS technique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical wastewater being composite mixture of environmental pollutants may be associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity

Sharif

Ashraf

Anjum

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Pharmaceutical industries are amongst the foremost contributor to industrial waste. Ecological well-being is endangered owing to its facile discharge. In the present study, heavy metals and organic contaminants in waste water were characterized using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and GC-MS, respectively. Mutagenicity and genotoxic potential of pharmaceutical waste water were investigated through bacterial reverse mutation assay and in vitro comet assay, respectively. Ames test and comet assay of first sample were carried out at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 % v/v effluent with distilled water. Chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) were found in high concentrations as compared to WHO- and EPA-recommended maximum limits. Arsenic was found to be the most abundant metal and its maximum concentration was 0.8 mg.L(-1). GC-MS revealed the presence of lignocaine, digitoxin, trimethoprim, caffeine, and vitamin E in waste water. Dose-dependent decrease in mutagenic index was observed in both strains. Substantial increase in mutagenicity was observed for TA-100, when assay was done by incorporating an enzyme activation system, whereas a slight increase was detected for TA-102. In vitro comet assay of waste water exhibited decrease in damage index and percentage fragmentation with the increase in dilution of waste water. Tail length also decreased with an increase in the dilution factor of waste water. These findings suggest that pharmaceutical waste water being a mix of different heavy metals and organic contaminants may have a potent mutagenic and genotoxic effect on exposed living organisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical wastewater being composite mixture of environmental pollutants may be associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity

Sharif

Ashraf

Anjum

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Consequently, they are often ineffective for removing pharmaceuticals, because of the types of treatment available and resistance to microbial or chemical degradation. As a result, pharmaceuticals have been detected in municipal wastewater (Chen et al 2006;Lajeunesse et al 2008;Crouse et al 2012) and surface water (Comeau et al 2008;Yargeau et al 2007) across Canada. Further, drinking and wastewater treatment plants often lie on the same body of water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, concentrations of pharmaceuticals found in surface water are present at the ng/L to μg/L concentration levels, which poses low acute human risk (Comeau et al 2008;Crouse et al 2012). However, there may be chronic effects or synergetic concurrent effects from mixtures of pharmaceuticals (Escher et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The presence of the top prescribed pharmaceuticals in treated sewage effluents and receiving waters in Southwest Nova Scotia, Canada

Ghoshdastidar

Fox

Tong

2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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From a list of the top prescribed drugs in Canada, 11 pharmaceuticals and two metabolites were selected for study in municipal sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters. Wastewater samples were collected from 16 wastewater treatment plants across Southwest Nova Scotia including the Annapolis Valley, South Shore, and Metropolitan Halifax. Samples were also collected between 100 and 200 m downstream of effluent outflows. Seven pharmaceuticals were found above μg/L levels with their highest concentrations as follows: metformin (10.6 μg/L), acetaminophen (28.9 μg/L), paraxanthine (18.2 μg/L), cotinine (3.10 μg/L), caffeine (115 μg/L), naproxen (29.1 μg/L), and venlafaxine (2.65 μg/L). Metformin, paraxanthine, caffeine, naproxen, ramipril, and venlafaxine were detected in every wastewater effluent sample. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in pharmaceutical occurrence by treatment methods, weak dependence of pharmaceutical concentrations on populations, and the co-occurrence of some pharmaceuticals. Experimental results might indicate the limitation of primary only treatment methods in breaking down pharmaceuticals.

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“…This chronic intoxication or chronic action of drugs is possible due to the fact that the environment is contaminated with traces of hundreds of medicinal substances which are deposited in soil, sediments, occur in water and consequently enter food chain -can be found in plants and animals which serve as a food source. This contamination occurs due to an enormous consumption of drugs, improper knowledge of their behaviour in the environment and inefficiency of waste water treatment processes to decompose or remove them from water (Al-Ahmad et al 1999, Fent et al 2006, Crouse et al 2012. Of course, these chronic expositions to medicines rarely lead to death or highly significant health problems, but can alter animals health condition, can influence birth rates, weight gains and milk yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toxicity and adverse effects of selected drugs in animals – overview

Široká¹,

Svobodová²

2013

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Therapeutic products quite often are causes of poisoning in both small and large animals. Drug poisonings in animals occur commonly due to off-label use of medicines, wrong dosage, negligence, accidental ingestion and deliberate poisonings. Toxicity of veterinary drugs may become evident also in therapeutic doses when adverse effects may occur. The aim of this review is to inform veterinary specialists about both veterinary and human drugs, specifically antiparasitics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other medicinal substances, which are most often reported to cause acute poisonings or adverse reactions in animals and to contribute to their broader knowledge and more accurate use of medicines, improving instructions to the animal owners and, hopefully, decrease the incidence of drug poisonings in animals.

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The presence of acidic and neutral drugs in treated sewage effluents and receiving waters in the Cornwallis and Annapolis River watersheds and the Mill CoveSewage Treatment Plant in Nova Scotia, Canada

Cited by 40 publications

References 33 publications

Pharmaceutical wastewater being composite mixture of environmental pollutants may be associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity

Pharmaceutical wastewater being composite mixture of environmental pollutants may be associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity

The presence of the top prescribed pharmaceuticals in treated sewage effluents and receiving waters in Southwest Nova Scotia, Canada

The toxicity and adverse effects of selected drugs in animals – overview

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