The presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice and rice products; and evaluation of dietary intake

Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar; Asi, Muhammad Rafique; Hanif, Usman; Zuber, Muhammad; Selamat, Jinap

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.104

Cited by 101 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Both CIT and OTA have been detected in rice from Iran (CIT range, 5.0 to 21.05 μg kg −1 and OTA range, 0.65 to 11.54 μg kg −1 ) and Vietnam [CIT range, not detected (ND) to 0.42 μg kg −1 and OTA range, ND to 2.78 μg kg −1 ) . CIT and/or OTA occurrence has also been reported in rice at wide ranges from India, from Pakistan, and from China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Indonesia . The co‐existence of CIT with OTA in rice was found in a high percentage of samples in Vietnam .…”

Section: Occurrence Of Cit and Ota In Rice In Asiamentioning

confidence: 98%

Co‐occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health

Ali

2017

J Sci Food Agric

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Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins, produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species and their co-occurrence in rice may cause health effects in humans. Rice is an important food crop worldwide and is a major staple food in Asia which may be invaded by CIT and OTA producing fungal spores in the field, during harvest and storage. Humans are exposed to these mycotoxins through ingestion of contaminated rice and other food commodities. Yet, data on the combined presence to these food contaminants are still insufficient to estimate human exposure in Asia. This review describes the prevalence of CIT and OTA in rice in Asia and its implications on human health, which may help in establishing and carrying out proper management strategies against mould development on rice. From the health point of view, combined exposition of CIT and OTA should be a public concern as both are nephrotoxic and long-term exposure can pose detrimental health effects. Thus, it is necessary for local farmers and food factories to implement strict measures and to improve methods for rice preservation during the distribution to consumers, particularly in the markets. Moreover, regular surveys for CIT and OTA occurrence in rice and human biomonitoring are recommended to reduce the health effects in Asian population. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Occurrence Of Cit and Ota In Rice In Asiamentioning

confidence: 98%

Co‐occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health

Ali

2017

J Sci Food Agric

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“…Co‐occurrence of AFs and OTA has not been clearly reported; however, based on the occurrence of each single mycotoxin, it is clear that some co‐occurrence of mycotoxin mixtures exists (for example, Aydin, Aksu, & Gunsen, ; Buyukunal, Kahraman, & Ciftcioglu, ; Iqbal, Asi, Hanif, Zuber, & Jinap, ). Fusarium toxins do also co‐occur in rice, mainly as DON and zearalenone (ZEN), but evidence for co‐occurrence of FB1, T‐2 toxin, and HT‐2 toxin also exists.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Multiple Mycotoxins: “Mycotoxin Mixtures”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre‐ and Postharvest Strategies to Minimize Mycotoxin Contamination in the Rice Food Chain

Gonçalves

Gkrillas

Dorne

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Rice is part of many people's diet around the world, being the main energy source in some regions. Although fewer reports exist on the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice compared to other cereals, fungal contamination and the associated production of toxic metabolites, even at lower occurrence levels compared to other crops, are of concern because of the high consumption of rice in many countries. Due to the diversity of fungi that may contaminate the rice food chain, the co‐occurrence of mycotoxins is frequent. Specific strategies to overcome these problems may be applied at the preharvest part of the crop chain, while assuring good practices at harvest and postharvest stages, since different fungi may find suitable conditions to grow at the various stages of the production chain. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on such strategies in an integrated way, from the field to the final products, to reduce mycotoxin contamination in rice.

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“…Contamination of rice with OTA has also been widely reported in other countries including Nigeria, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Pakistan, Jordan, Korea, Chile, Egypt, Turkey, Vietnam, and the United Kingdom (Abdelhamid ; Scudamore and others; Park and others ; González and others ; Makun and others ; Nguyen and others ; Juan and others , ; Vega and others ; Salem and Ahmad ; Aydin and others ; Majeed and others ; Iqbal and others ). Among these countries, mean values of 141.7 ± 25.4, 12.6 ± 3.4, 8.50 ± 0.60, and 3.9 μg/kg for OTA were reported from Nigeria, Morocco, Pakistan, and Korea, respectively.…”

Section: Ochratoxin Amentioning

confidence: 81%

Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

Sun

Shan

2017

Journal of Food Science

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Mycotoxin contamination in rice is generally lower than in other cereals such as corn or wheat. However, over 65% of the population in China consumes rice as a staple food. Due to the diversity of the climate across China, the southern region is characterized by high temperatures and humidities, especially in rainy season. Such conditions are optimal for the growth of fungi. The accumulative and transferrable characteristics of fungi mycotoxins pose a great potential threat as confirmed by high incidences of liver cancer in the Yangtze delta region. Major mycotoxins identified in China are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, as well as fumonisins. The contents of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) in rice are varied among different provinces and regions and generally less than 5 µg/kg. Although high incidences of positive aflatoxins samples have widely been detected, few samples were detected as exceeding the national's maximum residue limit (10 µg/kg). Limited information is available on risk assessment of human health hazards of mycotoxins in rice, children should be paid more attention to due to their having the highest mycotoxins exposure level, although the risks are generally at low levels from rice. Mycotoxins are mainly distributed in the outer layer of the paddy rice (also called rough rice, referring to whole rice grain with the hulls), and the AFB 1 content in bran is 8.4 times greater than that in brown rice (hulled rice). Further investigation should focus on isolation and identification of mycotoxins-producing fungal strains, especially unknown mycotoxigenic fungal strains determination. Infection resistant rice breeding of mycotoxigenic fungal species may be a fundamental approach to guaranteeing rice safety in China.

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The presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice and rice products; and evaluation of dietary intake

Cited by 101 publications

References 31 publications

Co‐occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health

Co‐occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health

Pre‐ and Postharvest Strategies to Minimize Mycotoxin Contamination in the Rice Food Chain

Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

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