The presence of multiple parasitoids decreases host survival under warming, but parasitoid performance also decreases

Thierry, Mélanie; Pardikes, Nicholas A.; Rosenbaum, Benjamin; Ximénez‐Embún, Miguel G.; Hrček, Jan

doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0121

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…Parasitoid performance is sensitive to both environmental temperatures and host species composition (Hance et al, 2007; Thierry, Pardikes, Rosenbaum, et al, 2022; Thierry, Pardikes, Ximénez‐Embún, et al, 2022). Both heatwave treatment and invasion treatment in our study negatively affected the total number of parasitoids, leading to a top‐down effect on host species composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental heatwaves facilitate invasion and alter species interactions and composition in a tropical host‐parasitoid community

Chen,

Lewis

2023

Global Change Biology

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As mean temperatures increase and heatwaves become more frequent, species are expanding their distributions to colonise new habitats. The resulting novel species interactions will simultaneously shape the temperature‐driven reorganization of resident communities. The interactive effects of climate change and climate change‐facilitated invasion have rarely been studied in multi‐trophic communities, and are likely to differ depending on the nature of the climatic driver (i.e., climate extremes or constant warming). We re‐created under laboratory conditions a host‐parasitoid community typical of high‐elevation rainforest sites in Queensland, Australia, comprising four Drosophila species and two associated parasitoid species. We subjected these communities to an equivalent increase in average temperature in the form of periodic heatwaves or constant warming, in combination with an invasion treatment involving a novel host species from lower‐elevation habitats. The two parasitoid species were sensitive to both warming and heatwaves, while the demographic responses of Drosophila species were highly idiosyncratic, reflecting the combined effects of thermal tolerance, parasitism, competition, and facilitation. After multiple generations, our heatwave treatment promoted the establishment of low‐elevation species in upland communities. Invasion of the low‐elevation species correlated negatively with the abundance of one of the parasitoid species, leading to cascading effects on its hosts and their competitors. Our study, therefore, reveals differing, sometimes contrasting, impacts of extreme temperatures and constant warming on community composition. It also highlights how the scale and direction of climate impacts could be further modified by invading species within a bi‐trophic community network.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental heatwaves facilitate invasion and alter species interactions and composition in a tropical host‐parasitoid community

Chen,

Lewis

2023

Global Change Biology

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“…A likely explanation for this observation is that parasitism pressure reduced competition between D. pseudotakahashii and other hosts that are susceptible to Asobara , such as D. pallidifrons , promoting coexistence between the dominant and inferior competitors (Figure 6b). Parasitoid performance is sensitive to both environmental temperatures and host species composition (Hance, et al, 2007; Thierry, Pardikes, Rosenbaum, et al, 2022; Thierry, Pardikes, Ximénez-Embún, et al, 2022). Top-town control could either stabilise (Ross et al 2022; Sentis et al 2013) or destabilise (Zarnetske et al 2012) communities when the environment changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental heatwaves and warming cause distinctive community responses through their interactions with a novel species

Chen

Lewis

2023

Preprint

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As mean temperatures increase and heatwaves become more frequent, species are expanding their distributions to colonise new habitats. The resulting novel species interactions will simultaneously shape the temperature-driven reorganization of resident communities. The interactive effects of climate change and climate change-facilitated invasion have rarely been studied in multi-trophic communities, and are likely to differ depending on the nature of the climatic driver (i.e. climate extremes or constant warming). We recreated under laboratory conditions a host-parasitoid community typical of high-elevation rainforest sites in Queensland, Australia, comprising four Drosophila species and two associated parasitoid species. We subjected these communities to climate change in the form of either heatwaves or constant warming, in combination with an invasion treatment involving a novel host species from lower-elevation habitats. The two parasitoid species were sensitive to both warming and heatwaves, while the demographic responses of Drosophila species were highly idiosyncratic, reflecting the combined effects of thermal tolerance, parasitism, competition, and facilitation. After multiple generations, heatwaves (but not constant warming) promoted the establishment of low-elevation species in upland communities. The introduction of this invading species correlated negatively with the abundance of one of the parasitoid species, leading to cascading effects on its hosts and their competitors. Our study, therefore, reveals differing, sometimes contrasting, impacts of extreme temperatures and constant warming on community composition. It also highlights how the scale and direction of climate impacts could be further modified by range-expanding species within a bi-trophic community network.

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“…Synergistic effects could also explain a greater top-down control than expected with multiple parasitoid species. Indeed, hosts can overcome a single parasitism event with their immune response but are more likely to die when multi-parasitized (Thierry et al, 2021). The positive effects of parasitoid diversity on host suppression were also driven by the presence of the most efficient parasitoid species for the focal host (e.g., presence of Ganaspis sp .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, intrinsic competition results from a super-or multi-parasitism event when two parasitoids (conspecifics or heterospecific, respectively) parasitize the same host individual. It is usually detrimental for the host survival and would explain an increase in host suppression with multiple parasitoid species despite a decrease in parasitoid performance in some cases (i.e., unsuccessful parasitism but with host suppression; e.g., Thierry et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple parasitoid species enhance top-down control, but parasitoid performance is context-dependent

Thierry

Pardikes

Ximenez-Embrun

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Ecological communities are composed of a multitude of interacting species, forming complex networks of interactions. Current global changes are altering community composition and we thus need to understand if the mechanisms structuring species interactions are consistent across different species compositions. However, it is challenging to explore which aspects of species interactions are primarily driven by community structure and which by species identity. Here we compared the outcome of host-parasitoid interactions across four community modules that are common in host-parasitoid communities with a laboratory experiment using a pool of three Drosophila host and three larval parasitoid species, resulting in nine different species assemblages. Our results show general patterns of community structure for host-parasitoid interactions. Multiple parasitoid species enhanced host suppression without general antagonistic effects between parasitoid species. Presence of an alternative host species had no general effects on host suppression nor on parasitoid performance, therefore showing no evidence of indirect interactions between host species nor any host switching behavior. However, effects of community structure on parasitoid performance were species-specific and dependent on the identity of co-occurring species. Consequently, our findings highlight the importance of both the structure of the community and its species composition for the outcome of interactions.

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The presence of multiple parasitoids decreases host survival under warming, but parasitoid performance also decreases

Cited by 9 publications

References 78 publications

Experimental heatwaves facilitate invasion and alter species interactions and composition in a tropical host‐parasitoid community

Experimental heatwaves facilitate invasion and alter species interactions and composition in a tropical host‐parasitoid community

Experimental heatwaves and warming cause distinctive community responses through their interactions with a novel species

Multiple parasitoid species enhance top-down control, but parasitoid performance is context-dependent

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