The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air particles and estimation of the respiratory deposition flux

Najurudeen, Nur Ain Nazirah Binti; Khan, Firoz; Suradi, Hamidah; Mim, Ummay Ayesha; Raim, Ishrat Nur Janntul; Rashid, Sara Binte; Latif, Mohd Talib; Huda, Muhammad N.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163129

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The sources of PAHs were mainly categorized into natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources of PAHs were mainly synthesis and decomposition processes of plants and microorganisms, as well as natural fires in forests and grasslands and volcanic eruptions [9]. Most of the PAHs in soil were mainly from anthropogenic sources, including complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels such as wood, coal, diesel, and tobacco, industrial emissions, solid waste incineration, and vehicle emissions [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are also likely to bioaccumulate and be biomagnified through the food chain, which would endanger soil, vegetation, crops, and even the ecosystem, and ultimately lead to human exposure to PAH pollutants directly or indirectly [5,6]. PAHs penetrate the human organism via various exposure pathways such as respiration, skin contact, and dietary intake, thereby increasing the risk of human cancer and greatly threatening human health [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soil of Helan, China

Zhang,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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With the development of industry and agriculture, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the agricultural sector have gradually increased to different degrees, leading to an escalation in environmental pollution. In turn, this escalation has presented a significant possibility of endangering agricultural practices on farmland and has had a serious impact on regional sustainable development. Therefore, a total of 117 samples of soil were gathered to research the pollution level, distribution, sources, and health risk of PAHs in Helan farmland soils. A reference was used for the identification and quantification of PAH content using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector, and their spatial distribution was analyzed utilizing the Arc Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). The source of PAHs was analyzed by absolute principal component scores/multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR). The lifetime cancer risk increment model and Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis were used to assess the potential health hazards to humans associated with PAHs in soil. Within the current study area, PAHs were higher in the northwest. The results showed that the total content of PAHs in Helan farmland soil ranged from 17.82 to 1544.73 ng·g−1 with a mean of 408.18 ng·g−1, which indicated the middle degree of pollution in farmland soil. The verification results of the APCS-MLR model showed that the correlation coefficient between the measured values and the predicted values ranged from 0.661 to 0.984, which suggested that the APCS-MLR model demonstrated favorable suitability for conducting source analysis of PAHs in the soil within the study region. Based on the contribution of PAHs from each source, the main sources of PAHs in Helan farmland soil were the combustion source (biomass, diesel, and natural gas combustion) and the transportation source (gasoline for vehicles and traffic exhaust emissions). The health risks’ estimation showed that PAHs in farmland soil did not have potential health risks for adults but represented a carcinogenic risk for children via the main exposure pathway of ingestion with the mean intake of 1.28 × 10−5. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic risks (CRs) of dermal contact for the mean value of adults (9.32 × 10−7) was found to be higher than that for children (3.18 × 10−8). From the Monte Carlo simulation, the soil particle uptake rate was the most sensitive to the health risks of children and adults with risk probabilities of 26% and 52%, and the risk probabilities from body weight were −11% and −1%, whose negative value indicated that the increase in body weight could reduce the health risks to human. These findings could provide reference for the study of soil organic pollution in Helan farmland soil and contribute significantly to the preservation of the ecological environment, maintaining human health and safety, and promoting the sustainable development of regional farmland.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soil of Helan, China

Zhang,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…To evaluate the potential health hazards to adults from consuming rice contaminated with heavy metals, various parameters were computed, including the average daily dose (ADD) of heavy metals, hazard index (HI), and non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) (Najurudeen et al, 2023). The ADD equation is given by: Here, Ci represents the concentration of metal in the vegetable, IR the ingestion rate, EF the exposure frequency, ED the exposure duration, BW the body weight, and AT the average time.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Potential Toxicological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Irrigated Rice Cultivars near Industrial Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Huda,

Hosen,

Akter

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Rice intake represents a significant pathway through which humans accumulate heavy metals. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in rice cultivars irrigated with industrial wastewater near Dhaka, Bangladesh, a region heavily influenced by industrial activities. We employed a unique methodology that not only quantified the concentrations of heavy metals and pesticide residues in rice grains but also extended to evaluating the physicochemical properties of rice stems, husks, soil, and irrigation water. Our findings revealed alarmingly high levels of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and mercury in the soil and irrigation water, with concentrations in some cases exceeding the World Health Organization safety thresholds by 2 to 15 times. Notably, the rice grains also exhibited significant contamination, including substantial amounts of Diazinon and Fenitrothion pesticides, exceeding the established safety limits. The study employed hazard quotients (HQs) and cancer risk (CR) assessments to evaluate the potential health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated rice. The results indicated HQ values were greater than 1 for rice grains across the sampled fields, suggesting a considerable non-carcinogenic health risk, particularly from lead exposure, which was found at levels twice the standard limit in all the sampling fields. Moreover, the CR values for As, Pb, Cd, Co, and Mn highlighted a significant carcinogenic risk in several instances.

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“…There are several reports around the globe about the presence of PAHs in incense smoke [81] due to the organic nature of fragrances used in incense and incense sticks. [82,83] A study carried out near a Temple in China during the new year, revealed that the mean total PAH concentration of 6258 and 231 ng m −3 indoors and outdoors respectively. Further, this study revealed that the indoor PAHs concentration was almost 27 times higher than the outdoor where there were ≈5 different types of PAHs mainly bound or adsorbed on the particles.…”

Section: Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer

Yadav,

Bijekar,

Gacem

et al. 2023

Part & Part Syst Charact

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The drastic increase in industrialization has led to numerous adverse effects on the environment and human health. Respiratory tract disorders are one of the major emerging global health issues that lead to a high mortality rate every year. The quality of indoor and outdoor air has lowered in the last decade.The quality of indoor air has deteriorated by cooking, smoking, and burning incense sticks or smoke. The smoke released from incense and incense sticks contains gaseous products (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxide of sulfur), particular matter (PM10, PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These toxic components released from various incense sources pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. The inhalation and exposure of smoke from various incenses is hazardous to health as it inevitably culminates in deadly organ‐related diseases. With such insights, the present review article focuses on the characteristic attributes of particulate matter released from incense and other sources emphasizing healthcare and environmental concerns.

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The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air particles and estimation of the respiratory deposition flux

Cited by 15 publications

References 55 publications

Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soil of Helan, China

Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soil of Helan, China

A Potential Toxicological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Irrigated Rice Cultivars near Industrial Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer

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The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air particles and estimation of the respiratory deposition flux

Cited by 15 publications

References 55 publications

Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soil of Helan, China

Distribution, Sources, and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Farmland Soil of Helan, China

A Potential Toxicological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Irrigated Rice Cultivars near Industrial Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM10, PM2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer

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Product

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The Impact of Fine Particulate Matters (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) from Incense Smokes on the Various Organ Systems: A Review of an Invisible Killer