The Present Status of Prophylactic Immunization Against Influenza

Stuart-Harris, C. H.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5048.777

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…This was perhaps the first clear-cut evidence that influenza vaccine offered significant protection against illness during seasonal epidemics. Subsequent military studies in the 1950s continued to show vaccine protection, although many relied on serologic measures of infection that yielded biased results (Stuart-Harris 1957). Widespread vaccine use in civilian populations began in 1960 when the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) recommended annual vaccination of adults aged ≥65 yr, pregnant women, and those with chronic illness (Burney 1960).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: New Insights and Challenges

McLean

Belongia

2020

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

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Methods for assessing influenza vaccine efficacy and effectiveness have evolved over six decades. Randomized trials remain the gold standard for licensure, but observational studies are needed for annual assessment of vaccine effectiveness (VE). The test-negative design (TND) has become the de facto standard for these field studies. Patients who seek medical care with acute respiratory illness are tested for influenza, and VE is estimated from the odds of vaccination among influenza cases versus test-negative controls. VE varies across seasons, populations, age groups, and products, but VE estimates are consistently higher for A(H1N1) pdm09 and type B compared with A(H3N2). VE studies are increasingly used in combination with molecular epidemiology to understand the viral and immune system factors that drive clinical efficacy and effectiveness. The emerging field of immunoepidemiology offers the potential to understand complex host-virus interactions that affect vaccine protection, and this knowledge will contribute to universal vaccine development.

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confidence: 99%