The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in South Africa

Kirigia, Joses Muthuri; Mwabu, Germano; Masiye, Felix

doi:10.52872/001c.39792

Cited by 5 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Due to the availability of data on GDP per capita and current health expenditure per person, we applied HKA to estimate the total present value (TPV KENYA ) of human lives lost in Kenya due to COVID-19 as of 25 July 2022. A similar approach has been used in Brazil, 27 Canada, 28 China, 29 France, 30 Germany, 31 India, 32 Iran, 33 Italy, 34 Japan, 35 Mauritius, 36 South Africa, 37 Spain, 38 Turkey, 37 UK, 40 and USA. 41 The TPV KENYA is a summation of the present value of human lives lost in age groups PV i¼1,::,7 ð Þ0-9 years, 10-19 years, 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, and 60 years and above.…”

Section: Study Location and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 The TPV KENYA is a summation of the present value of human lives lost in age groups PV i¼1,::,7 ð Þ0-9 years, 10-19 years, 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, and 60 years and above. Formally [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] :…”

Section: Study Location and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PV i=1,…,7 for each of the seven age groups was a sum of the product of undiscounted years of life lost (UYLL), net GDP per capita, and COVID-19 deaths in a specific age group. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Formally:…”

Section: Study Location and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As depicted in Table 4, the UYLL for each of the seven age groups Step 2: Computation of the DYLL Approximation of the DYLL at a 3% rate for each age group as a product of UYLL and the appropriate discount factor. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] For instance: [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] The 2022 GDPPC KENYA was Int$ 5762.003. Kenya's most updated data on CHEPC KENYA were for 2019.…”

Section: Data and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rice 26 explains that its essential to translate the magnitude of disease in dollar terms because it is the universal language of decision-makers in the policy arena. Some studies have applied the human capital approach to monetarily value human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Brazil, 27 Canada, 28 China, 29 France, 30 Germany, 31 India, 32 Iran, 33 Italy, 34 Japan, 35 Mauritius, 36 South Africa, 37 Spain, 38 Turkey, 39 UK, 40 and United States of America (USA). 41 There is a dearth of such economic evidence for Kenya, yet it is still needed for advocacy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 and likely cost savings from vaccination in Kenya

2023

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Background: The study estimates the total present value (TPVKENYA ) of human lives lost due to COVID-19, total indirect costs attributed to COVID-19 mortality, total direct costs of all COVID-19 cases, and projected cost savings due to COVID-19 vaccination as of 25 July 2022. Methods: We used a human capital approach (HKA) model to estimate TPVKENYA . The indirect cost of COVID-19 (ICi=1,..,6) for each of the six productive age groups equals the present value multiplied by the relevant employment-to-population ratio. The direct cost (DCi=1,..,4) for each of the four disease severity categories (asymptomatic, mild/moderate, severe, critical) is the product of the number of COVID-19 cases in a severity category and the average total direct cost per patient. The total direct cost saving equals the number of infections averted with vaccination multiplied by the average total direct cost per patient treated. The total indirect cost saving equals the number of COVID-19 deaths prevented with vaccination multiplied by the average total indirect cost per death. Results: The cumulative 5670 human life losses had a TPVKENYA of Int$268,408,687 and an average total present value of Int$47,338 per human life. A re-run of the HKA model with (a) discount rates of 5% and 10% reduced TPVKENYA by 16% and 39%, respectively; (b) Africa's highest life expectancy of 78.76 years and world's highest life expectancy of 88.17 years increased TPVKENYA by 79% and 129%, respectively; (c) excess mortality of 180,215 increased TPVKENYA by 3,078%. Total indirect and direct costs of COVID-19 were Int$36,833 per death and Int$1,648.2 per patient/case, respectively. The 30% target population's COVID-19 vaccination coverage may have saved Kenya a total cost of Int$ 1,400,945,809. Conclusions: The pandemic continues to erode Kenya's human health and economic development. However, scaling up COVID-19 vaccination coverage would save Kenya substantial direct and indirect costs.

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Section: Study Location and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Location and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Location and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 and likely cost savings from vaccination in Kenya

2023

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The Global Impact of COVID-19: Historical Development, Molecular Characterization, Drug Discovery and Future Directions

Dofuor,

Quartey,

Osabutey

et al. 2023

Clin Med�Insights�Pathol

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In December 2019, an outbreak of a respiratory disease called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2, an encapsulated positive-stranded RNA virus, spread worldwide with disastrous consequences for people’s health, economies, and quality of life. The disease has had far-reaching impacts on society, including economic disruption, school closures, and increased stress and anxiety. It has also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, with marginalized communities disproportionately affected by the SARS-CoV-2. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe. There is presently no effective cure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in developing COVID-19 vaccine for different therapeutic targets. For instance, scientists developed multifold vaccine candidates shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak after Pfizer and AstraZeneca discovered the initial COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines reduce disease spread, severity, and mortality. The addition of rapid diagnostics to microscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis has proven crucial. Our review provides a thorough overview of the historical development of COVID-19 and molecular and biochemical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight the potential contributions from insect and plant sources as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and present directions for future research.

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The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 and likely productivity losses averted through COVID-19 vaccination in Madagascar

Musango,

Mandrosovololona,

Randriatsarafara

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Background As of 3 March 2023, Madagascar had reported 1,422 deaths from COVID-19. Up to now, there hasn't been a study to estimate the Total Present Value of Human Life lost , productivity losses, and potential productivity losses averted through COVID-19 vaccination for use in advocacy. The study reported in this paper aimed to fill these information gaps. Methods The Human Capital Model (HCM) was used to estimate the , which is the sum of the discounted value of human life losses among individuals in seven different age groups. The Present Value of Human Life for each age group was calculated by multiplying the discount factor, the undiscounted years of life, the non-health gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and the number of COVID-19 deaths in that age group. To test the robustness of the results, the HCM was rerun five times, assuming (i) a 5% discount rate, (ii) a 10% discount rate, (iii) Africa’s highest average life expectancy at birth of 78.76 years, (iv) the world's highest life expectancy of 88.17 years, (v) projected excess COVID-19 mortality of 11,418.66 deaths as of 3 March 2023 in Madagascar, and assuming different levels of vaccine coverage: 100%, 70%, 60.93%, and 8.266%. Results The 1,422 human lives lost due to COVID-19 had a of Int$ 46,331,412; and an average of Int$ 32,582 per human life. Re-estimation of the HCM, using (i) discount rates of 5% and 10% reduced by 23% and 53%, respectively; (ii) average life expectancies of 78.76 years and 88.17 years increased by 23.7% and 39.5%, respectively; (iii) projected excess COVID-19 mortality of 11,418.66 augmented by 703%. Furthermore, it is estimated that vaccinating 70% of the target population could potentially save the country Int$ 1.1 billion, equivalent to 1.94% of the GDP. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant health and productivity losses for Madagascar. Optimizing COVID-19 vaccination coverage for the target population could substantially reduce these losses.

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The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 in South Africa

Cited by 5 publications

References 45 publications

The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 and likely cost savings from vaccination in Kenya

The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 and likely cost savings from vaccination in Kenya

The Global Impact of COVID-19: Historical Development, Molecular Characterization, Drug Discovery and Future Directions

The present value of human life losses associated with COVID-19 and likely productivity losses averted through COVID-19 vaccination in Madagascar

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