Racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare persist in the U.S. Although pain is one of the most prevalent and disabling symptoms of disease, only a few studies have assessed disparities in pain in large racially and ethnically diverse, middle-to late aged community samples, thus limiting the generalizability of study findings in broader populations. With data from the 2000 Health and Retirement Study, we assessed the prevalence and impact of pain in a community sample of aging (≥51 years old) non-Hispanic whites (n = 11,021), non-Hispanic blacks (n = 1,804), and Hispanics (n = 952) in the U.S. Pain, pain severity, activity limitation as a result of pain, comorbid conditions, and sociodemographic variables were assessed. Results showed that pain prevalence was 28%, and 17% of the sample reported activity limitation as a result of pain. Non-Hispanic blacks (odds ratio [OR], 1.78; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.37) and Hispanics (OR, 1.80; 99% CI, 1.26-2.56) had higher risk for severe pain compared with non-Hispanic whites. Analyses of respondents with pain (n = 3,811) showed that having chronic diseases (2 comorbid conditions, OR, 1.5; 99% CI, 1.09-2.17), psychological distress (OR, 1.99; 99% CI, 1.54-2.43), being a Medicaid recipient (OR, 1.63; 99% CI, 1.17-2.25), and lower educational level (OR, 1.45; 99% CI, 1.14-1.85) were significant predictors for severe pain and helped to explain racial/ethnic differences in pain severity.Perspective-This study, which used a large racially and ethnically diverse community sample, provided empirical evidence that racial/ethnic difference in pain severity in aging community adults in the U.S. can be accounted for by differential vulnerability in terms of chronic disease, socioeconomic conditions, and access to care.
KeywordsPain; disparities; aging; epidemiology; race; ethnicity Disparities in healthcare persist for racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. 26,50, 63 Racial/ethnic minorities are at a higher risk for poorer health and shorter survival,18,22, 31 have poorer access to healthcare services,33,52 and have lower quality of healthcare.4,25 Despite the fact that pain is one of the most frequent and devastating symptoms of disease, studies on racial/ethnic differences in pain are limited.11,39,40 Most studies of racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare come from studies of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,9,17, 34 renal diseases,12,24 cancer,10,49,62 In this study, we describe the prevalence and impact of pain in a racially and ethnically diverse, nationally representative sample of middle-to late-aged adults (older than 50 years) in the United States. Studies show that although the pattern of pain prevalence in older people is unclear,28,35 overall, aging populations are at increased risk for pain.14,58,59,74 It is generally accepted that increased pathologic load is an overriding factor contributing to increased pain complaint with advancing age,35 with older adults at a greater risk for diseases that cause pain, such as arthriti...