The Prevalence and Impact of Coinfection and Superinfection on the Severity and Outcome of COVID-19 Infection: An Updated Literature Review

Omoush, Samya A.; Alzyoud, Jihad

doi:10.3390/pathogens11040445

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…The duration of empiric therapy is typically 7–10 days, but antibiotics are often deescalated after 3 days if suspicion of infection resolves. The prolonged stay for patients who received cefepime likely reflects the need for 3–10 days of in-house IV therapy, and cefepime use is likely a surrogate marker for bacterial superinfection, a well-described complication of COVID-19 ( 23 , 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG background frequency is associated with discharge outcomes in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveTo assess risk factors for encephalopathy in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and the effect of encephalopathy on short-term outcomes.MethodsWe collected clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of fifty patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to a ward service and who had an electroencephalogram (EEG) performed. Associations with short-term outcomes including hospital length of stay and discharge disposition were determined from univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.ResultsClinical delirium was associated with encephalopathy on EEG, cefepime use was associated with increased length of stay, and of all factors analyzed, background frequency on EEG alone was correlated with discharge disposition.ConclusionEncephalopathy is one of the major determinants of short-term outcomes in hospitalized non-ICU patients with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG background frequency is associated with discharge outcomes in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19

et al. 2022

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“…In our previously published autopsy series of deceased vaccinated patients, we identified four out of twenty-nine (14%) cases with pulmonary aspergillosis, while in our current series, fungal infection was observed in only one (4%) case. The reported prevalence numbers of bacterial co-/superinfections in SARS-CoV-2 infections differ considerably between studies and range from less than 1% to more than 50%, depending on the clinical setting and the definition (37). There are several hypotheses about how SARS-CoV-2 infections could heighten the risk of bacterial or fungal superinfections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal cases after Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infection: Diffuse alveolar damage occurs only in a minority – results of an autopsy study

Märkl

Dintner

Schaller

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Compared with previously prevalent variants of SARS-CoV-2, the Omicron lineages BA.1 and BA.2 are known to be associated with mild clinical courses. In addition, well-established animal models do not develop severe diseases. To address whether the supposedly fatal cases after Omicron-BA.1/2 infection show the known COVID-19 organ alterations, especially in the lungs, 23 full and 3 partial autopsies in the deceased with known Omicron BA.1/2 infections have been consecutively performed. Viral RNA was determined by RT-qPCR and RNA-in situ hybridization. The lineages were analyzed by whole genome sequencing or S-gene analysis. Despite high viral loads in almost all nasopharyngeal swabs and in 13 lung tissue samples, death caused by COVID-19-associated diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in the acute and organizing stages was found in only eight cases (31%). This rate is significantly lower compared to previous studies, including non-Omicron variants, where rates of 92% and 69% for non-vaccinated and fully vaccinated vaccines were observed. It is of special interest that neither vaccination status nor known risk factors (i.e., age, comorbidities, obesity, immuno-suppression) were significantly associated with a direct cause of death by COVID-19. Only the reason for the hospital admission of the patients due to COVID-19-related symptoms showed a significant correlation with directly COVID-19-caused deaths (P < 0.001). DAD still occurred in the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 era of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but at a considerably lower frequency than seen with previous variants of concern. In our study, none of the known risk factors discriminated the cases with COVID-19-caused death from those that had COVID-19 infections but died due to a different disease. Therefore, the host's genomics might play a key role in this regard. Further studies are urgently needed to elucidate the existence of a genomic mechanism as a risk factor for a fatal course.

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“…It is expected that as countries decrease the implementation of restricting measures, SARS-CoV-2 will circulate with other respiratory viruses, increasing the probability of co-infections especially during the next winter seasons. Indeed, the actual co-infection rates may already be higher than believed [ 35 , 36 ]. The severity of these co-infections is difficult to predict but recent data suggest cautiousness (including vaccinations and syndromic testing) mostly for influenza/SARS-CoV-2 co-infections [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Performance Evaluation of the NeuMoDx Flu A-B/RSV/SARS-CoV-2 Vantage Assay

et al. 2022

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SARS-CoV-2 infections may present with various symptoms that are similar to those of other respiratory diseases. For this reason, the need for simultaneous detection of at least RSV and influenza viruses together with SARS-CoV-2 was evident from the early stages of the pandemic. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical performance of the NeuMoDx™ Flu A-B/RSV/SARS-CoV-2 Vantage Assay against the conventional low-plex PCR utilized to detect influenza A-B, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2. There were 115 known positive clinical samples and 35 negative controls obtained from asymptomatic health-care workers included in the study; 25 samples were positive for influenza viruses, 46 for RSV, and 44 for SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the evaluated method for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were 100%. The Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.586 (p < 0.05) for influenza and 0.893 (p < 0.05) for SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity of the aforementioned assay for RSV was 93.47%; the specificity and the positive predictive value were 100%, and the negative predictive value was 92.10%, while the Spearman correlation coefficient was not applicable for the RSV. Overall, the assay under evaluation was shown to be a reliable alternative for the simultaneous detection of influenza viruses, RSV and SARS-CoV-2.

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The Prevalence and Impact of Coinfection and Superinfection on the Severity and Outcome of COVID-19 Infection: An Updated Literature Review

Cited by 29 publications

References 100 publications

EEG background frequency is associated with discharge outcomes in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19

EEG background frequency is associated with discharge outcomes in non-ICU hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Fatal cases after Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infection: Diffuse alveolar damage occurs only in a minority – results of an autopsy study

Clinical Performance Evaluation of the NeuMoDx Flu A-B/RSV/SARS-CoV-2 Vantage Assay

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