The prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms in frontline nurses under COVID-19 pandemic based on a large cross-sectional study using the propensity score-matched method

Abstract

Introduction To explore the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the associated risk factors in frontline nurses under COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from February 20, 2020 to March 20, 2020 and involved 562 frontline nurses. The effective response rate was 87.68%. After propensity score matched, there were 498 participants left. Extensive characteristics, including demographics, dietary habits, life-related factors, work-related factors, and psychological factors were collected based on a self-reported questionnaire. Specific scales measured the levels of sleep quality, physical activity, depressive symptoms, perceived organization support and psychological capital. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined by binary paired logistic regression. Results Of the nurses enrolled in the study, 50.90% had depressive symptoms. Three independent risk factors were identified: poor sleep quality (OR = 1.608, 95% CI: 1.384–1.896), lower optimism of psychological capital (OR = 0.879, 95% CI: 0.805–0.960) and no visiting friend constantly (OR = 0.513, 95% CI: 0.286–0.920). Conclusions This study revealed a considerable high prevalence of depressive symptoms in frontline nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak, and identified three risk factors, which were poor sleep quality, lower optimism of psychological capital, and no visiting friend constantly. Protecting mental health of nurses is important for COVID-19 pandemic control and their wellbeing. These findings enrich the existing theoretical model of depression and demonstrated a critical need for additional strategies that could address the mental health in frontline nurses for policymakers.

COVID-19 depression and its risk factors in Asia Pacific – A systematic review and meta-analysis

“… Chen et al, 2021 ), (Xi Chen et al, 2021 ), ( Cheng et al, 2021 ), ( Faisal et al, 2021 ), (Feng et al, 2021) ( Hammond et al, 2021 ), ( Hao et al, 2021 ), ( Hazarika et al, 2021 ), ( He et al, 2021 ), ( Hong et al, 2021 ), ( Khoury et al, 2021 ), ( Kibbey et al, 2020 ), ( Lan et al, 2021 ), ( Li et al, 2021 ), (T. Liu et al, 2021 ), ( Liu et al, 2020 ), ( Pandey et al, 2021 ), ( Peng et al, 2021 ), ( Rossell et al, 2021 ), ( Safa et al, 2021 ), ( Sakib et al, 2021 ), (S. Sun et al, 2021 ), (Q. Sun et al, 2021 ), ( Tsang et al, 2021 ), (H. Wang et al, 2021 ), (Y. Wang et al, 2021 ), ( Wickens et al, 2021 ), ( Wu et al, 2021a ), (R. Yadav et al, 2021 ), ( Yan et al, 2021 ), ( Yasmin et al, 2021 ), ( Young et al, 2021 ) Gender 30 11.86 (Xu Chen et al, 2021 ), ( Chi et al, 2021 ), ( Devkota et al, 2021 ), ( Fang et al, 2021 ), ( Glenister et al, 2021 ), (Huang et al, 2021), ( Rashid et al, 2021 ), ( Kibbey et al, 2020 ), (S. Liu et al, 2021 ), ( Liu et al, 2020 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Moore et al, 2021 ), ( Nomura et al, 2021 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Moore et al,...…”

“… Sun et al, 2021 ), ( Tsang et al, 2021 ), (H. Wang et al, 2021 ), (Y. Wang et al, 2021 ), ( Wickens et al, 2021 ), ( Wu et al, 2021a ), (R. Yadav et al, 2021 ), ( Yan et al, 2021 ), ( Yasmin et al, 2021 ), ( Young et al, 2021 ) Gender 30 11.86 (Xu Chen et al, 2021 ), ( Chi et al, 2021 ), ( Devkota et al, 2021 ), ( Fang et al, 2021 ), ( Glenister et al, 2021 ), (Huang et al, 2021), ( Rashid et al, 2021 ), ( Kibbey et al, 2020 ), (S. Liu et al, 2021 ), ( Liu et al, 2020 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Moore et al, 2021 ), ( Nomura et al, 2021 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Moore et al, 2021 ), ( Nomura et al, 2021 ), ( Pandey et al, 2021 ), ( Parthasarathy et al, 2021 ), ( Peng et al, 2021 ), ( Robillard et al, 2021 ), ( Rossell et al, 2021 ), ( Safa et al, 2021 ), ( Sakib et al, 2021 ), ( Song et al, 2020 ), ( Suzuki et al, 2021 ), ( Turna et al, 2021 ), ( Veldhuis et al, 2021 ), (Y. Wang et al, 2021 ), ( Wong et al, 2021 ), ( Wu et al, 2021a ), (R. Yadav et al, 2021 ), ( Yan et al, 2021 ) Deterioration of medical problems/ medical condition/ diagnosed disease/ underlying disease 21 8.30 (J.…”

“… Chen et al, 2021 ), ( Fang et al, 2021 ), ( Fukase et al, 2021 ), ( Gotlib et al, 2021 ), ( Hammond et al, 2021 ), ( Hao et al, 2021 ), ( Hazarika et al, 2021 ), ( Kibbey et al, 2020 ), ( Liu et al, 2020 ), ( Mistry et al, 2021 ), ( Nishimura et al, 2021 ), ( Robillard et al, 2021 ), ( Sakib et al, 2021 ), ( Suzuki et al, 2021 ), ( Tsang et al, 2021 ), (Y. Wang et al, 2021 ), ( Wong et al, 2021 ), ( Yang et al, 2021 ), ( Young et al, 2021 ) Age 20 7.91 ( An et al, 2021 ), ( Cheema et al, 2021 ), ( Fukase et al, 2021 ), ( Glenister et al, 2021 ), ( Kar et al, 2021 ), ( Kar et al, 2021 ), ( Rashid et al, 2021 ), ( Kim et al, 2021 ), ( Matsumoto et al, 2021 ), ( Nkire et al, 2021 ), ( Robillard et al, 2021 ), ( Rossell et al, 2021 ), (Song et al, 2021), ( Tang et al, 2021 ), ( Turna et al, 2021 ), ( Veldhuis et al, 2021 ), ( Wong et al, 2021 ), ( Yan et al, 2021 ), ( Yang et al, 2021 ), ( Yunus et al, 2020 ) Income disruption/ financial restraints 19 7.51 (Xi an Chen et al, 2021 ), ( Cheng et al, 2021 ), ( Devkota et al, 2021 ), ( Fukase et al, 2021 ), ( ...…”

“…In fact, the authors found depression to have the highest prevalence (59.2%) compared to anxiety (55.1%) and stress (30.6%). Another study in China targeting the healthcare workers (HCWs) also reported a high depression prevalence of 50.9% ( Wang et al, 2021 a).…”

How Is Work Ability Shaped in Groups of Shift and Non-Shift Workers? A Comprehensive Approach to Job Resources and Mediation Role of Emotions at Work

“…Another limitation relates to the specificity of the occupational groups taken into account. These professions have job-contextual demands, e.g., emotional demands related to working with patients [116] and overload resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic [117] for nurses, cognitive load, fatigue, stress and accident risk resulting from the road situation [118][119][120] for bus drivers and monotony in work [121] or exposure to hazardous substances [122] for production workers. Therefore, other types of resources may play a significant role in these professions and, thus, work ability is shaped in a slightly different way.…”