The prevalence and risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among migrant women and girls in the Netherlands: An extrapolation method

Kawous, Ramin; Muijsenbergh, Maria van den; Geraci, Diana; Kwaak, Anke van der; Leye, Els; Middelburg, Annemarie; Ortensi, Livia Elisa; Burdorf, Alex

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230919

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…(19) For example, we cannot accurately rely on indirect measures for migrants from countries where FGM/C prevalence differs greatly according to ethnicity, without taking into account the migrant's ethnicity, which is often not included in demographic or census data. (20,21) Indirect estimates do not account for factors that may in uence migrant's change of behavior, attitudes and beliefs towards FGM/C such as laws prohibiting the practice of FGM/C as well as social pressure not to carry out the traditional practice. However, laws do not always explain the diminishing trend of the practice, as similar trends are observed in countries with and without legislation forbidding the practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the indirect prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Switzerland

Cottler‐Casanova

Abdulcadir

2020

Preprint

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ObjectiveTo update the indirect prevalence estimates for women and girls living with Female Genital Mutilation Cutting (FGM/C) in Switzerland, using data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office of migrant women and girls born in one of the 30 high-prevalence FGM/C countries that are currently living in Switzerland. MethodsWe used Yoder and Van Baelen’s “Extrapolation of FGM/C Countries’ Prevalence Data” method, where we applied DHS and MICS prevalence figures from the 30 countries when FGM/C is practiced, and applied them to the immigrant women and girls living in Switzerland from the same 30 countries.ResultsIn 2010, the estimated indirect prevalence was 9,059 whereas in 2018, the estimated indirect prevalence was 21,706 women and girls living with or at risk of FGM/C.ConclusionOver the past decade, there have been significant increases in the number of estimated women and girls living with or at risk of FGM/C in Switzerland due to the increase in the total number of women and girls originally coming form the countries where the practice of FGM/C is traditional.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the indirect prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Switzerland

Cottler‐Casanova

Abdulcadir

2020

Preprint

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“…We regarded the indirect estimation of FGM/C as a theoretical estimation of the expected FGM/C prevalence among women giving birth. For indirect estimation of FGM/C, we adopted the extrapolation-model and its underlying procedure, as described in detail in previous work [11]. In this study, we combined age-specific FGM/C prevalence in the country of origin with the age composition of first-generation migrant women who gave birth in the Netherlands.…”

Section: Indirect Estimation Methodological Approach and Study Populamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, first-generation migrants are considered girls and women who migrated from one of the 29 countries with available nationally representative information on FGM/C, whereas second-generation migrants are considered girls born in the Netherlands to at least one parent who has migrated from one of these countries [11,23].…”

Section: Indirect Estimation Methodological Approach and Study Populamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With an increase in migration, FGM/C is now encountered in high-resource countries such as the Netherlands. It is estimated that about 41,000 girls and women are living in the Netherlands with effects of FGM/C, of whom 71% were of reproductive age [11]. The migration from countries where FGM/C is concentrated to non-practicing countries will even further increase [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimates of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Netherlands: a comparison between a nationwide survey in midwifery practices and extrapolation-model

Kawous

Muijsenbergh

Geraci³

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

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Background: Owing to migration, female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) has become a growing concern in host countries in which FGM/C is not familiar. There is a need for reliable estimates of FGM/C prevalence to inform medical and public health policy. We aimed to advance methodology for estimating the prevalence of FGM/C in diaspora by determining the prevalence of FGM/C among women giving birth in the Netherlands. Methods: Two methods were applied to estimate the prevalence of FGM/C in women giving birth: (I) direct estimation of FGM/C was performed through a nationwide survey of all midwifery practices in the Netherlands and (II) the extrapolation model was adopted for indirect estimation of FGM/C, by applying population-based-survey data on FGM/C in country of origin to migrant women who gave birth in 2018 in the Netherlands. Results: A nationwide survey among primary care midwifery practices that provided care for 57.5% of all deliveries in 2018 in the Netherlands, reported 523 cases of FGM/C, constituting FGM/C prevalence of 0.54%. The indirect estimation of FGM/C in an extrapolation-model resulted in an estimated prevalence of 1.55%. Possible reasons for the difference in FGM/C prevalence between direct-and indirect estimation include that the midwives were not being able to recognize, record or classify FGM/C, referral to an obstetrician before assessing FGM/C status of women and selective responding to the survey. Also, migrants might differ from people in their country of origin in terms of acculturation toward discontinuation of the practice. This may have contributed to the higher indirectestimation of FGM/C compared to direct estimation of FGM/C. Conclusions: The current study has provided insight into direct estimation of FGM/C through a survey of midwifery practices in the Netherlands. Evidence based on midwifery practices data can be regarded as a minimum benchmark for actual prevalence among the subpopulation of women who gave birth in a given year.

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“…29 Moreover, the quality of these data are deemed sufficient in order to form the basis of indirect estimates of FGM/C prevalence among immigrants in high-income countries. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] We harmonised all 23 national surveys to ensure that questions and response codes are similar, and that the data are of sufficient quality for analysis. We use the same approach for each country, thereby facilitating a direct BMJ Global Health comparison within and between countries over time.…”

Section: Data Harmonisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The socioeconomic dynamics of trends in female genital mutilation/cutting across Africa

et al. 2020

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BackgroundThe majority of women who undergo female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) live in Africa. Although the UN Sustainable Development Goals call for intensified efforts to accelerate the abandonment of FGM/C, little is known about where in Africa the declines in prevalence have been fastest and whether changes in prevalence differ by women’s socioeconomic status.MethodsWe use data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 23 African countries, collected between 2002 and 2016, and covering 293 170 women. We reconstruct long-term cohort trends in FGM/C prevalence spanning 35 years, for women born between 1965 and 1999. We compute absolute and relative changes in FGM/C prevalence and differentials in prevalence by women’s education and urban-rural residence. We examine whether socioeconomic differences in FGM/C are converging or diverging.FindingsFGM/C prevalence has declined fastest (in relative terms) in countries with lower initial prevalence, and more slowly in countries with higher initial prevalence. Although better-educated women and those living in urban areas tend to have lower prevalence, in some countries the opposite pattern is observed. Socioeconomic differentials in FGM/C have grown in the majority of countries, particularly in countries with moderate-to-higher overall prevalence.ConclusionsThe documented relationship between absolute and relative FGM/C prevalence rates suggests that in settings with higher initial prevalence, FGM/C practice is likely to be more entrenched and to change more slowly. There is substantial variation between countries in socioeconomic differentials in prevalence and their changes over time. As countries change from higher to lower overall prevalence, socioeconomic inequalities in FGM/C are increasing.

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The prevalence and risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting among migrant women and girls in the Netherlands: An extrapolation method

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Estimating the indirect prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Switzerland

Estimating the indirect prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Switzerland

Estimates of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Netherlands: a comparison between a nationwide survey in midwifery practices and extrapolation-model

The socioeconomic dynamics of trends in female genital mutilation/cutting across Africa

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