The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Middle East region: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment

Rahmani, Jamal; Alipour, Solmaz; Miri, Ali; Fakhri, Yadolah; Riahi, Seyed-Mohammad; Keramati, Hassan; Moradi, Masoud; Amanidaz, Nazak; Pouya, Rokhsane Hosseini; Bahmani, Zohreh; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.016

Cited by 104 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Developing countries—such as Ecuador—could have high levels of AFM1 due to lack of producer knowledge, technology, and poor facilities, all of which contribute to the growth of toxin-producing fungi [ 20 ]. For that reason many countries have established different maximum limits for AFM1 in raw milk ( Table 3 ); for example, the EU and some other countries use 0.05 ug/kg, while the United States, Latin-American (except Chile), and some Asian countries use 0.5 ug/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Puga-Torres

Salazar

Cachiguango

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, classified as carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. The objective of the present investigation was to determine its presence in raw milk from north-central Ecuador, constituted by the provinces of Pichincha, Manabí, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. These areas represent approximately 30% of Ecuadorian milk production. By the end of the investigation, a total of 209 raw milk samples were collected, obtained both during the dry (June and August) and rainy seasons (April and November) of 2019. AFM1 concentrations were measured with lateral flow immunochromatographic assays, and 100% of the samples were positive for this mycotoxin, presenting a mean value of 0.0774 μg/kg with a range of 0.023 to 0.751 μg/kg. These AFM1 levels exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 0.05 μg/kg in 59.3% (124/209) of samples, while only 1.9% (4/209) exceeded the Ecuadorian legal limit of 0.5 μg/kg. By using non-parametric tests, significant differences were determined (p ≤ 0.05) between the provinces for months of study, climatic season (being higher in the dry season), and climatic region (greater in the coast region). On the other hand, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the types of producers or between production systems. Therefore, AFM1 contamination in raw milk does not present a serious public health problem in Ecuador, but a monitoring and surveillance program for this mycotoxin in milk should be developed to prevent consumer health problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Puga-Torres

Salazar

Cachiguango

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…This situation is posing serious health threats to consumers. Research studies have verified that pasteurization, heat processing, and a few other techniques are ineffective for controlling AFM 1 in raw milk [9,10]. Once aflatoxins contaminate the milk supply chain, it becomes impossible to completely purify raw milk [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once aflatoxins contaminate the milk supply chain, it becomes impossible to completely purify raw milk [11,12]. The consumption of AFM 1 -contaminated dairy products would likely harm human health [10,13]. Recent studies have highlighted the alarming threats to health associated with the use of milk contaminated with aflatoxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Akbar

Nasir

Naeem

et al. 2019

Toxins

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The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

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“…The total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) is equal to the sum of individual THQ [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. The TTHQ of BTEX was calculated by Equation (3): TTHQ = THQ b + THQ t + THQ e + THQ x …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the ECR value of benzene and ethylbenzene is lower than 1.00 × 10 6 , between 1.00 × 10 6 to 1.00 × 10 4 , and higher than 1.00 × 10 4 , the exposed population are at no considerable, threshold, and considerable cancer risk, respectively [ 54 ]. In the current study, the cut off point for endangering the population was a percentile of 95% (worse scenario) of THQ and ECR [ 65 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

Abtahi

Fakhri

Conti

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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In the current study, the concentration of some pollutants which are categorized as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and o-xylenes (o-X), in the air of Tehran was evaluated by the aid of a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Also, the health risk for the exposed population was estimated using the recommended methods by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The rank order based on their concentration in BTEX was benzene (149.18 µg/m3: 31%) > o-xylene (127.16 µg/m3: 27%) > ethylbenzene (110.15 µg/m3: 23%) > toluene (87.97 µg/m3: 19%). The ratio B/T in this study was calculated as 1.69, repressing that both stationary and mobile sources of emission can be considered as the main sources for benzene and toluene. Moreover, strong photochemical activity in Tehran was demonstrated by the high ratio of E/o-X. Meta-regression indicates that the concentration of BTEX has insignificantly (p-value > 0.05) increased over time. The BTEX compounds based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) were ordered as benzene > o-xylene > ethylbenzene > toluene. Percentile 95% of THQ due to benzene (4.973) and o-xylene (1.272) was higher than a value of 1. Percentile 95% excessive cancer risk (ECR) for benzene (1.25 × 106) and ethylbenzene (1.11 × 106) was higher than a value of 1.00 × 106. The health risk assessment indicated that the population of Tehran are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

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The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Middle East region: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment

Cited by 104 publications

References 103 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador

Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

The Concentration of BTEX in the Air of Tehran: A Systematic Review-Meta Analysis and Risk Assessment

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