The prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in a rural population of Iran: The "Nooravaran Salamat" mobile eye clinic experience

Hashemi, Hassan; Rezvan, Farhad; Yekta, Abbasali; Hashemi, Maryam; Norouzirad, Reza; Khabazkhoob, Mehdi

doi:10.4103/0974-9233.129772

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Studies on the prevalence of astigmatism in similar age groups have reported a prevalence of 12–21%. 6 , 24 , 31 These results are consistent with our finding. A study was conducted on children aged 6–15 years in an Iranian city (Dezful) recently 25 which showed a prevalence of 45.3% for astigmatism that is markedly higher than our finding and the results of most previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“… 4 , 6 , 25 , 31 Although some studies found no significant changes in the prevalence of astigmatism in this age group, 4 the majority of the studies have reporetd a decreasing trend for stigmatism from the neonatal period to adolescence followed by an increasing trend in middle ages. 33 , 38 However, the results of this study were slightly different from other studies, 4 , 6 , 25 , 31 , 33 which could be due to genetic and environmental factors. Although it is hard to explain this finding, the effect of near work at this age on astigmatism and corneal changes may be the probable reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Numerous studies have shown the prevalence of astigmatism is affected by geographical factors, living in urban or rural areas, ethnic differences, etc. 31 , 50 , 51 , 52 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The profile of astigmatism in 6–12-year-old children in Iran

Hashemi

Asharlous

Khabazkhoob

et al. 2021

Journal of Optometry

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Purpose To determine the prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years. Methods The students selected by stratified cluster random sampling in Shahroud, north of Iran. Optometric examination included uncorrected visual acuity, refraction with autorefractometer, manifest refraction with retinoscopy followed by subjective and cycloplegic refraction (after two drops of cyclopentolate 1% with 5 min interval were instilled in each eye). A cylinder power ≥0.75 diopter (D) in at least one eye was considered as astigmatism. The prevalence of astigmatism was reported based on a cylinder power higher than 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 D in cycloplegic refraction, followed by power vector analysis. Results After applying the inclusion criteria, the data of 5528 children were analyzed. The prevalence of astigmatism was 16.7% (95% CI: 15.6–17.7) in total, 16.6% (95% CI: 15.2–18.0) in boys and 16.8% (95% CI: 15.2–18.3) in girls ( p = 0.920) and decreased from 21.5% in 6-year-old children to 13.7% in 10-year-olds, and then again increased to 18.3% in children aged 12 years. Moreover, 17.2% (95% CI: 16.0–18.3) of urban and 12.1% (95% CI: 10.0–14.1) of rural children had astigmatism ( p < 0.001). The prevalence of with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique astigmatism was 14.2%, 2.1%, and 0.33%, respectively. The mean cylinder power was −1.31, −0.46, and −0.44 D in children with spherical myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia, respectively ( p < 0.001). Urban students had a higher J 0 and boys had a higher J 45 . Conclusion The prevalence of astigmatism in this study was lower than previous studies. Astigmatism prevalence was markedly higher in urban children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The profile of astigmatism in 6–12-year-old children in Iran

Hashemi

Asharlous

Khabazkhoob

et al. 2021

Journal of Optometry

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“…However, according to Table 3 , the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions have the highest variation in the prevalence of astigmatism. One of the limitations of the studies conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region is that most of them are from Iran, 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 132 , 138 , 141 , 150 , 155 , 156 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 which makes conclusion difficult, although a range of 6.6–51.4% for astigmatism in Iran is also noticeable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Hashemi

Fotouhi

Yekta

et al. 2018

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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254

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PurposeThe aim of the study was a systematic review of refractive errors across the world according to the WHO regions.MethodsTo extract articles on the prevalence of refractive errors for this meta-analysis, international databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. The results of the retrieved studies were merged using a random effect model and reported as estimated pool prevalence (EPP) with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsIn children, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5–13.0), 4.6% (95% CI: 3.9–5.2), and 14.9% (95% CI: 12.7–17.1), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 4.9% (95% CI: 1.6–8.1) in South–East Asia to 18.2% (95% CI: 10.9–25.5) in the Western Pacific region, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 2.2% (95% CI: 1.2–3.3) in South-East Asia to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.4–15.2) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 9.8% in South-East Asia to 27.2% in the Americas. In adults, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 26.5% (95% CI: 23.4–29.6), 30.9% (95% CI: 26.2–35.6), and 40.4% (95% CI: 34.3–46.6), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 16.2% (95% CI: 15.6–16.8) in the Americas to 32.9% (95% CI: 25.1–40.7) in South-East Asia, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 23.1% (95% CI: 6.1%–40.2%) in Europe to 38.6% (95% CI: 22.4–54.8) in Africa and 37.2% (95% CI: 25.3–49) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 11.4% (95% CI: 2.1–20.7) in Africa to 45.6% (95% CI: 44.1–47.1) in the Americas and 44.8% (95% CI: 36.6–53.1) in South-East Asia. The results of meta-regression showed that the prevalence of myopia increased from 1993 (10.4%) to 2016 (34.2%) (P = 0.097).ConclusionThis report showed that astigmatism was the most common refractive errors in children and adults followed by hyperopia and myopia. The highest prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was seen in South-East Asian adults. The highest prevalence of hyperopia in children and adults was seen in the Americas.

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“…Although the frequency differed (11.7%, 18.1%, and 2.4%), the variation in the axes is similar to that of a population based study in Iran. 36 The difference in the frequency could be because of the sample size difference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of astigmatism in a clinical setting in Maldives

Marasini

2016

Journal of Optometry

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BackgroundPatterns of refractive errors have never been reported in Maldives. This study aims to dissect astigmatism and provide a general view in context of this island country.MethodsA clinic based cross sectional study was designed with 277 patients, aged ≥3.5 years and with a primary astigmatism of ≥−1.00 diopters (D). They underwent complete eye examination and a vector analysis was done.ResultsMean age was 28.58 (SD 19.15) years. Astigmatic magnitude depended on age (p < 0.05) but not on gender (p > 0.05). Severity of visual impairment after refractive correction was very less, with only 2.2% having visual acuity ≤6/60. Mean spherical, spherical equivalent and astigmatic refraction were −1.35 (SD 2.94 D), −2.40 (SD 3.04) and −2.12 (SD 1.11 D), respectively. Between fellow eyes, refractive and corneal astigmatism highly correlated (0.83 and 0.73). Fifty eyes (18.1%) had an astigmatic error of ≥−3.00 D which peaked in the second and third decades of life (p < 0.0001) and was corneal in origin (p < 0.0001). Internal J45 and J0 tended to be more negative with increasing age, showing a trend toward against the rule astigmatism. Correlation between corneal and refractive J0 and J45 were 0.88 and 0.62 (p < 0.0001). With the rule astigmatism was more common followed by against the rule and oblique.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study inferred that among patients with relatively higher magnitude of astigmatism attending to the clinics in Maldives, younger patients are affected more, which could possibly link to the environment, genetics and nutrition. The probable association between nutrition and astigmatism needs to be investigated to fill the gap in literature.

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The prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in a rural population of Iran: The "Nooravaran Salamat" mobile eye clinic experience

Cited by 22 publications

References 40 publications

The profile of astigmatism in 6–12-year-old children in Iran

The profile of astigmatism in 6–12-year-old children in Iran

Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Pattern of astigmatism in a clinical setting in Maldives

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