The prevalence of disordered eating in elite male and female soccer players

Abbott, Will; Brett, Adam; Brownlee, Thomas E.; Hammond, Kelly M.; Harper, Liam D.; Naughton, Robert J.; Anderson, Liam; Munson, Edward H.; Sharkey, Jack V.; Randell, Rebecca K.; Clifford, Tom

doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00872-0

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The findings of this study are consistent with previous literature where female athletes have higher prevalence rates than males [16,17]. It is important to note there may be some inconsistencies with our results compared to results presented on athletes [16][17][18][28][29][30] One example is the instruments used in our study (EDI-3 and EDI-SC) to assess ED risk. [32], and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) [33].…”

Section: Eating Disorder Risksupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Generally speaking, females have higher ED risk than males, but at least 10% of all cases are seen in males [20]. Studies that have looked specifically at the male population demonstrate ED risk in males ranging from 3.2 to 19.2% [16,17,19,[28][29][30], which is consistent with the prevalence of male marching band artists. The findings of this study are consistent with previous literature where female athletes have higher prevalence rates than males [16,17].…”

Section: Eating Disorder Riskmentioning

confidence: 52%

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Examination of eating disorder risk among university marching band artists

et al. 2021

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Background Marching band artists are a physically active population, composed of approximately 27,000 people in the United States. University marching band artists face many of the same physically active demands and mental stressors as student athletes, potentially predisposing them to injury, illness, and risk for eating disorders (EDs). The purpose of this study was to examine ED risk across sex in university marching band artists, and to determine the type of risk based on the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Symptom Check List (EDI-3 SC). A secondary aim examined marching band artists and pathogenic weight control behavior use across sex. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 150 marching band artists (female: n = 84, male: n = 66, age = 19.9 ± 1.1 years) from three National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university marching bands participated in the study. We screened for ED risk using the EDI-3, and the EDI-3 SC. Results Overall, marching band artists were at risk for EDs, using only the EDI-3, 45.3% (n = 68) were at risk, with females at significant higher risk than males [χ2 = 5.228, p = .022]; using only the EDI-3 SC, 54% (n = 81) were at risk and no significant differences were found across sex. Overall, 48% of all participants reported dieting and 20.7% engaged in excessive exercise to control weight. Significant differences were found between sex and purging to control weight [χ2 = 3.94, p = .047] and laxative use [χ2 = 4.064, p = .044], with females engaging in behavior more than males. Conclusions Eating disorder risk was prevalent for both female and male marching band artists, with females displaying higher risk for EDs than males. Furthermore, marching band artists are engaging in pathogenic behaviors to control their weight. Healthcare providers (e.g., physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapist, dietitians, etc.) working in this setting should be aware of the risk factors displayed in marching band artists, and be able to provide education, prevention, and clinical interventions to this population. Additionally, marching band administrators should be aware of all medical risk factors and the benefit of having a healthcare provider (e.g., athletic trainer) to oversee the healthcare and wellness of marching band artists.

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Section: Eating Disorder Risksupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Eating Disorder Riskmentioning

confidence: 52%

Examination of eating disorder risk among university marching band artists

et al. 2021

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“…The existing literature showed no significant association between DE and perfectionism. 7 33 34 Looking at different subtypes of perfectionism, ‘other oriented perfectionism’ was significantly positively associated, 11 33 ‘positive perfectionism’ significantly negatively 35 associated with DE in male elite athletes. No significant association was found for ‘negative perfectionism.’ 35 The sport environment itself may put athletes in a vulnerable position.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review

Karrer

Halioua

Mötteli

et al. 2020

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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BackgroundEating disorders (ED) and disordered eating (DE) among male elite athletes share some of the characteristics seen in female elite athletes and the population, but also exhibit some key differences.ObjectiveScoping review of ED and DE in male elite athletes.MethodsIn May 2020, a comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted for DE and ED in male elite athletes.ResultsWe identified 80 studies which included 47 uncontrolled, 14 controlled studies, one interventional trial and 18 reviews.DiscussionThere was a wide range of definitions of DE and a high level of heterogeneity regarding competitive level, age and sport type. In adult male elite athletes, ED prevalence rates up to 32.5% were found, higher than in the general population. Prevalence was not higher in young/adolescent male elite athletes. The most frequently associated factor was competing in weight-sensitive sports. Male elite athletes tended to exhibit less body dissatisfaction than controls and were not always associated with DE. There were no studies looking at the prognosis or reporting an evidence-based approach for the management of DE in male elite athletes.ConclusionExisting literature indicates high prevalence of DE and ED in male elite athletes, with a wide range of aetiopathogenesis. There is a need for longitudinal studies to characterise the pathology and long-term outcomes, as well as develop standardised tools for assessment and treatments.

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“…Low EA can be a result of intentional dietary restriction and/or increased energy expenditure in exercise to reduce body mass, as occurs with disordered eating/eating disorders and dieting, or an inadvertent failure to match energy intake to energetic demands [127]. Soccer players score lower than non-athlete controls on scores of disordered eating, and the proportion of self-reported eating disorders (5.9%) is lower than other sports and controls [128]. However, 8.0-19.3% of elite soccer players report menstrual dysfunction [129][130][131], a symptom of low EA.…”

Section: Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.

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The prevalence of disordered eating in elite male and female soccer players

Cited by 36 publications

References 29 publications

Examination of eating disorder risk among university marching band artists

Examination of eating disorder risk among university marching band artists

Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review

Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review

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