The Prevalence of Elevated Blood Pressure and Its Association With Obesity in Children Aged 6-13 Years in Rural India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

IntroductionGlobally, hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Childhood hypertension is one of the emerging conditions due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity in children in developing countries. An increase in blood pressure (BP) can be classified as secondary hypertension if it is caused by an underlying disease process or as primary hypertension if there is no identifiable cause. Primary hypertension during childhood often tracks into adulthood. The prevalence of primary hypertension, mostly in older school-aged children and adolescents, has increased in parallel with an obesity epidemic. Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study was taken in different schools in the rural areas of Trichy District, Tamil Nadu, for a period of six months from July 2022 to December 2022; the study was done in children between six and 13 years. Anthropometry was taken, and blood pressure was measured using an appropriate-size BP cuff and standardized sphygmomanometer. Three values were taken at an interval for a minimum of five minutes, and the mean of the three values was calculated. Blood pressure percentiles were adopted from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2017 guidelines for childhood hypertension. ResultsOut of 878 students, 49 (5.58%) students had abnormal BP, of which 28 (3.19%) students were categorized into elevated BP and 21 (2.39%) students had hypertension both in stages 1 and 2. Abnormal blood pressure was equally distributed in both males and females. More students were from the age group between 12 and 13 years (chi-square value: 58.469, P=0.001), which shows that as age increases, the prevalence of hypertension increases. The mean weight was around 31.97 kg, and the mean height was 135.34 cm. In this study, we found that 223 (25%) students were overweight and 53 (6.03%) students were obese. The prevalence of hypertension was 15.09% in the obese category and 1.35% in the overweight category (chisquare value: 83.712, P=0.000). ConclusionDue to limited data available on childhood hypertension based on the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 2017 guidelines, this study highlights the AAP 2017 guidelines for early diagnosis of elevated BP and various stages of hypertension in children, and also, the need for early detection of obesity is essential for the implementation of a healthy lifestyle. This study helps create awareness among parents regarding the rise of obesity and hypertension in children in rural populations of India.

Prevalence and Determinants of Obesity and Overweight Among Children and Adolescents in the Middle East and North African Countries: An Updated Systematic Review

“…11,12 The increasing rates of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents in this region pose substantial challenges to individual health outcomes, healthcare systems, and societal well-being. Research evidence has confirmed the possible causal association of childhood obesity with metabolic syndrome, 13 dyslipidemia, 14 type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15 hypertension, 16 hepatic steatosis, 17 asthma, 18 early onset adulthood cardiovascular diseases, 19 and even premature mortality. 20 According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, over 1 billion individuals globally are obese (39 million children, 340 million adolescents, and 650 million adults), and these figures are exponentially rising.…”