The prevalence of genital warts in the Baltic countries: findings from national cross-sectional surveys in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Uusküla, Anneli; Reile, Rainer; Rezeberga, Dace; Karnite, A; Logminienė, Ženeta; Padaiga, Žilvinas; Nygård, Mari

doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051540

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In this survey of university students (a selected population), comprising more than 10,000 young men and women (who were a mean 21.8 years old), the lifetime prevalence of clinically-confirmed, self-reported, GWs was similar between the genders, with an overall 1.3% in males and 1.4% in females. In a US population aged 18–59 years, the prevalence of a positive history of GWs was 7.2% for women, and 4% for men [ 15 ]; in a sample population aged 16–55 years in the Czech Republic, the figures were 6.1% and 5.8% in women and men, respectively [ 20 ]; in a population aged 18–45 years in Estonia, they were 4.6% and 2.8%, respectively [ 21 , 22 ]; and in Denmark the figures were higher, at 10.6% in women and 7.9% in men [ 13 ]. The results of other studies on women of similar age placed their lifetime prevalence of GWs at 12% in Iceland, 11.3% in Sweden, and 9.5% in Norway [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2018

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BackgroundGenital warts are one of the most common forms of sexually-transmitted disease, but their epidemiology has yet to be thoroughly elucidated. The present study was designed to shed light on the prevalence of clinically-confirmed, self-reported genital warts (GWs) in a representative sample of the university population.MethodsIn 2015, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 11,096 individuals approached at the Students Information Bureau where they came to enroll for a university degree course. Participants completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire providing information on their sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, and any history of clinically-diagnosed genital warts. Multivariate logistic regression was then used to identify any factors associated with the disease.ResultsOur analysis was conducted on 9259 questionnaires (83.4%). Participants were a mean 21.8 ± 4.8 years of age, and 59.6% were female. Overall, 124 individuals (1.3%, 95%CI: 1.0–1.6) reported having been diagnosed with genital warts: 48 men (1.3%, 95%CI: 0.9–1.6), and 76 women (1.4% 95%CI: 1.1–1.7). Overall, 22.5% of the sample were vaccinated (1.3% of the males and 36.8% of the females). The group of respondents aged 30 years or more had the highest incidence of genital warts (males: 5.6%, 95%CI: 2.5–8.6; females: 6.9%, 95%CI: 3.4–10.4). The independent risk factors associated with a history of disease were (for both genders) a history of other sexually-transmitted diseases, and ≥2 sex partners in the previous 24 months. A protective role emerged for routine condom use. Additional risk factors associated with genital warts in males concerned men who have sex with men, bisexuality vis-à-vis heterosexuality, and smoking.ConclusionsThe findings emerging from our study help to further clarify the epidemiology of genital warts in young people, and may be useful to public health decision-makers. This study showed that genital warts occur in men as well as women, and suggests that both genders should be monitored for this disease to ascertain the effects of the free HPV vaccination offered to all girls in the Veneto in their 12th year of life since 2008, and to all boys of the same age since 2015.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2018

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“…Data from the crosssectional study conducted in the 4 Nordic countries among 70,000 women showed strong correlation between AGW occurrence and history of a previous STIs (genital chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis). 34 More recent data extracted from the cross-sectional survey in the Baltic countries 35 and the cross-sectional Italian study on university students 39 confirmed this association, in both men and women. The same is true for another crosssectional study that included almost 23,000 Danish men.…”

Section: Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With Agw Developmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Earlier studies that have been reported in the 2000s, such as the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health 40 and the study from the 4 Nordic countries 34 have reported a positive association between AGWs and oral contraceptives use. More recent studies, however, including the Italian study on university students 39 and the study from the Baltic countries, 35 have failed to report such an association. Differences in oral contraceptive regimens between the 2000s and more recent years may be a possible reason for the conflicting studies’ outcomes.…”

Section: Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With Agw Developmentmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…34 In another cross-sectional study that included almost 8,000 men and women from the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), five or more lifetime sexual partners were associated with ever receiving a diagnosis of AGWs in both men and women. 35 Data from a population-based cross-sectional study in the Czech Republic with 32,974 participants reported that a number of more than 14 lifetime sexual partners was the strongest risk factor for AGW occurrence. 36 A probability sample survey in the United Kingdom that interviewed almost 10,000 men and women who accessed care for a possible STI revealed a strong association of AGWs with increasing number of sexual partners.…”

Section: Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With Agw Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidence of anogenital warts: epidemiological risk factors and real-life impact of human papillomavirus vaccination

et al. 2020

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Anogenital warts (AGWs) rank among the most frequent sexually transmitted infections in young adults. They are benign lesions, but they pose a significant economic cost to health care systems and a substantial psychological burden on patients, who need evidence-based counselling. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has shown very high protection rates against AGWs in clinical trials and real-world settings but vaccination coverage remains low in many countries. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence on the risk factors for AGW development and to present the available real-life data on the impact of HPV vaccination on AGW incidence. An increased number of lifetime sexual partners, a new sexual partner in the last 12 months, smoking, and immunosuppression have been associated with increased risk for AGWs. HPV vaccination has led to a dramatic decline in AGW incidence in populations that have achieved high vaccination rates. These conclusions can contribute to primary prevention of AGWs and evidence-based counselling of AGW patients.

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“…The trends observed in this study regarding HPV-related cancer sites, together with the continuously increasing risk of cervical cancer in successive birth cohorts [11] and rising incidence of anal cancer among younger women in Estonia [29] suggest an important role of HPV infection. Recent studies have also shown an increase in the prevalence of genital warts in Estonia [30]. HPV vaccination, expected to have a protective role against HPV-associated cancers, is available for girls in the national immunization program in Estonia only since 2018.…”

Section: Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and Survival of Head & Neck Cancers in Estonia, 1996–2016

Kase

Baburin

Kuddu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background and MaterialChanging patterns of alcohol and tobacco consumption and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have affected the epidemiology of head & neck cancers. The aim of the study was to examine 20-year trends in the incidence and survival of head & neck cancers in Estonia by site, sex, morphology and stage.MethodsData on all adult cases of invasive head & neck cancers diagnosed in Estonia in 1996–2016 were obtained from the population-based cancer registry. TNM stage was available for 2010–2016. Incidence trends were modelled with joinpoint regression and five-year relative survival ratios (RSR) were calculated.ResultsA total of 6769 cases were included, 64% among men. We observed significant decline in the incidence of lip and laryngeal cancer and significant increase in the incidence of hypopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers. Over 60% of mouth & pharyngeal cancers were diagnosed at stage IV.Age-standardized five-year RSR for mouth & pharyngeal cancer increased significantly over the study period, from 21% in 1996–2002 to 33% in 2010–2016. The largest survival increases were seen for cancers of oral cavity (44% in 2010–2016), tongue (41%) and larynx (63%), while modest changes were seen for oropharynx (24%) and hypopharynx (17%). The latest five-year RSR was 90% for thyroid cancers (99% for papillary carcinoma). Large female survival advantage was seen for most sites.ConclusionsThe observed trends suggest an emerging role of HPV infection in combination with traditional risk factors in the development of head & neck cancers in Estonia. Efforts targeting health behavior, HPV vaccination and earlier diagnosis are crucial for reducing mortality from these cancers.

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The prevalence of genital warts in the Baltic countries: findings from national cross-sectional surveys in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

Incidence of anogenital warts: epidemiological risk factors and real-life impact of human papillomavirus vaccination

Incidence and Survival of Head & Neck Cancers in Estonia, 1996–2016

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The prevalence of genital warts in the Baltic countries: findings from national cross-sectional surveys in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

Self-reported genital warts among sexually-active university students: a cross-sectional study

Incidence of anogenital warts: epidemiological risk factors and real-life impact of human papillomavirus vaccination

Incidence and Survival of Head &amp; Neck Cancers in Estonia, 1996–2016

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Product

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Incidence and Survival of Head & Neck Cancers in Estonia, 1996–2016