The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in HIV-Negative Persons in Kenya, 2007

Ly, Kathleen N.; Kim, Andrea A.; Drobeniuc, Jan; Kodani, Maja; Fields, Barry S.; Teshale, Eyasu H.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0830

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 13 publications

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“…Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is carried by 240 million people, including up to a quarter of residents of high endemic African countries such as Zimbabwe [ 3 ], and contributes to mortality via cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma with increasing HBV-related mortality in Africa over the last two decades [ 4 ]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) contributes to 499,000 deaths worldwide annually [ 5 ], including over 100,000 deaths attributed to viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis in Africa [ 6 ]. One quarter of the global population is infected with tuberculosis, which caused approximately 1.4 million deaths in 2019, including about 208,000 in PLWH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis and tuberculosis testing are much less common than HIV testing among adults in Kisumu, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional assessment

et al. 2021

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Background Kenya has a high burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis. Screening is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment, which reduces morbidity and mortality across all three illnesses. We evaluated testing uptake for HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in Kisumu, Kenya. Methods Cross-sectional data from adults aged 18–35 years who enrolled in a prospective HIV incidence cohort study from February 2017 to May 2018 were analyzed. A questionnaire was administered to each participant at screening for study eligibility to collect behavioral characteristics and to assess prior testing practices. Among participants without a history of previously-diagnosed HIV, multivariable robust Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors potentially associated with HIV testing in the 12 months prior to enrollment. A hierarchical model was used to test for differential access to testing due to spatial location. Results Of 671 participants, 52 (7.7%) were living with HIV, 308 (45.9%) were female, and the median age was 24 (interquartile range 21–28) years. Among 651 (97.0%) who had ever been tested for HIV, 400 (61.2%) reported HIV testing in the past 6 months, 129 (19.7%) in the past 6–12 months, and 125 (19.1%) more than one year prior to enrollment. Any prior testing for viral hepatitis was reported by 8 (1.2%) participants and for tuberculosis by 51 (7.6%). In unadjusted models, HIV testing in the past year was more common among females (PR 1.08 [95% CI 1.01, 1.17]) and participants with secondary education or higher (PR 1.10 [95% CI 1.02, 1.19]). In the multivariable model, only secondary education or higher was associated with recent HIV testing (adjusted PR 1.10 [95% CI 1.02, 1.20]). Hierarchical models showed no geographic differences in HIV testing across Kisumu subcounties. Conclusions Prior HIV testing was common among study participants and most had been tested within the past year but testing for tuberculosis and viral hepatitis was far less common. HIV testing gaps exist for males and those with lower levels of education. HIV testing infrastructure could be leveraged to increase access to testing for other endemic infectious diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis and tuberculosis testing are much less common than HIV testing among adults in Kisumu, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional assessment

et al. 2021

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The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus in Kenya: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Makokha,

Bao,

Hayes

et al. 2024

J Epidemiol Glob Health

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Background Hepatitis C (HCV) is a virus that causes chronic liver disease, end-stage cirrhosis, and liver cancer, yet most infected individuals remain undiagnosed or untreated. Kenya is a country located in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the prevalence of HCV remains high but with uncertain disease burden due to little population-based evidence of the epidemic. We aimed to highlight the HCV disease burden in Kenya with a summary of the available data. Methods The study was performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched publications reporting HCV prevalence and genotypes in Kenya between January 2000 to December 2022. The effect size, i.e., the HCV prevalence, was defined as the proportion of samples testing positive for HCV antibody. Study quality was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. Due to high study heterogeneity, the studies were categorized into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk for HCV infection. The pooled estimate prevalence per category was determined by the random effects model. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD42023401892). Results A total of 29 studies with a sample size of 90,668 met our inclusion criteria, a third of which were from the capital city Nairobi (34.5%). Half of the studies included HIV-infected individuals (31%) or injection drug users (20.7%). HCV genotype 1 was the most common, with genotype 4 only slightly less common, and together they accounted for 94% of cases. The pooled prevalence for the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups were 2.0%, 3.4%, and 15.5%, respectively. Over 80% of the studies had a score of > 6 on the JBI scale, indicating a low risk of bias in terms of study design, conduct and analysis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that there is a higher prevalence of HCV in key populations such as HIV-infected individuals and drug users than in the general population in Kenya. We found that HCV genotypes 1 and 4 were the most common genotypes. More data from the general population is required in order to establish baseline data on the prevalence and genotypes of HCV in Kenya. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44197-024-00299-1.

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The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in HIV-Negative Persons in Kenya, 2007

Cited by 2 publications

References 13 publications

Hepatitis and tuberculosis testing are much less common than HIV testing among adults in Kisumu, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional assessment

Hepatitis and tuberculosis testing are much less common than HIV testing among adults in Kisumu, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional assessment

The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus in Kenya: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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