The Prevalence of Hyperpalatable Baby Foods and Exposure During Infancy: A Preliminary Investigation

Kong, Kai Ling; Fazzino, Tera L.; Rohde, Kaitlyn; Morris, Katherine S.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614607

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Our preliminary work has documented the extensive degree to which infants may be exposed to HPF early in life, indicating that this is a major cause for concern. Among a large sample of infants aged 9–15 months from the United States, our findings revealed that the majority (>90%) of infants were exposed to HPF by 15 months of age 41 . Furthermore, HPF comprised 38%–52% of infants' daily energy intakes from food 41 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Researchers could also consider examining the effects of exposures on the development of food preferences, a key outcome used in exposure‐learning research on dietary health in infancy and early childhood 43 . Researchers may also consider examining outcomes related to overall dietary intake, and intake of HPF, assessed using measures such as a 24‐h dietary recall 44 with procedures adapted to characterize infant dietary intake 41,45 . Dietary recalls provide detailed data on the nutrients of all foods and beverages consumed, which can be used to identify and quantify HPF intake via a standardized quantitative definition 29 .…”

Section: New Paradigm For Investigating the Etiology Of Obesity In Ea...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among a large sample of infants aged 9-15 months from the United States, our findings revealed that the majority (>90%) of infants were exposed to HPF by 15 months of age. 41 Furthermore, HPF comprised 38%-52% of infants' daily energy intakes from food. 41 Thus, our preliminary evidence indicates that infants in the United States are at a high risk of being exposed to and regularly consuming HPF, as well as experiencing corresponding neurobiological changes related to heightened motivation to consume HPF.…”

Section: Consequences Of Exposure To Added Sugars and Hpfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 Furthermore, HPF comprised 38%-52% of infants' daily energy intakes from food. 41 Thus, our preliminary evidence indicates that infants in the United States are at a high risk of being exposed to and regularly consuming HPF, as well as experiencing corresponding neurobiological changes related to heightened motivation to consume HPF. Thus, the next step needed to advance the literature is to test whether exposure to HPF early in the complementary feeding window serves to dysregulate food reinforcement mechanisms and increase infant and child obesity risk.…”

Section: Consequences Of Exposure To Added Sugars and Hpfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…43 Researchers may also consider examining outcomes related to overall dietary intake, and intake of HPF, assessed using measures such as a 24-h dietary recall 44 with procedures adapted to characterize infant dietary intake. 41,45 Dietary recalls provide detailed data on the nutrients of all foods and beverages consumed, which can be used to identify and quantify HPF intake via a standardized quantitative definition. 29 Researchers could also examine weight-related outcomes, including rapid weight gain (defined as conditional weight gain), or excessive infancy weight gain such as upward weight percentile crossing.…”

Section: Proposed Approaches To Testing the Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new paradigm for investigating the etiology of obesity in early childhood: Exposure to added sugars and hyper‐palatable foods in infancy and dysregulation of food reinforcement processes

Fazzino

Kong

2022

Obesity Reviews

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BACKGROUND 1.1 | The durability of the childhood obesity epidemicChildhood obesity is an epidemic in the United States. 1,2 In the past two decades, childhood obesity rates have continued to rise despite intensified prevention efforts. 2,3 Most recent estimates indicate that 19.7% of Americans between 2 and 19 years of age have obesity. 4 Furthermore, among infants, nearly 10% have excess weight for their height, 5 and 10%-50% experience a pattern of rapid weight gain in the first 24 months of life. 6 Notably, one recent national birth cohort found that rapid weight gain during the first 24 months of life resulted in a twofold increase in overweight or obesity at 3 and 5 years of age, respectively. 7 Hence, arresting rapid weight gain before early childhood (3-5 years) is vital for the prevention of child obesity. Consequences of obesity during infancy and early childhood span almost every health area and can lead to chronic health conditions in adulthood that cause significant impairments and disabilities. 3 Thus, further work is needed to identify mechanisms influencing the development of obesity at early critical life points.Recently, greater attention has recently been directed toward obesity prevention during the first 2 years of life (0-24 months). 8 However, randomized prevention approaches have yielded very limited effects. For instance, the Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood (EPOCH) Collaboration conducted a prospective meta-analysis 9 on data accrued from four randomized controlled trials that addressed key targets identified for obesity prevention. Obesity prevention targets consisted of extended breastfeeding duration, introduction of table foods at the appropriate time (6 months), low intakes of nutrient-poor foods, responsive feeding practices, limited screen exposure, and ample amounts of sleep and activity. 9 Findings revealed that at 18-24 months, participants in the intervention condition displayed a mere 2% decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity relative to the control group. Similarly, in a recent review of 29 randomized controlled trials conducted among infants that included a minimum follow-up duration of 24 months, 10 only 7% of trials (2/29) found the intervention to have a positive effect on BMI zscores (with small effect sizes), and a third trial reported that children in the treatment condition had a lower prevalence of obesity than their control counterparts, yet mean BMI scores were comparable for all participants in the cohort. Taken together, this evidence demonstrates that sustained management of childhood obesity during infancy and early childhood years is modest, at best. Therefore, Tera L Fazzino and Kai Ling Kong have equal contribution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: New Paradigm For Investigating the Etiology Of Obesity In Ea...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consequences Of Exposure To Added Sugars and Hpfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consequences Of Exposure To Added Sugars and Hpfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proposed Approaches To Testing the Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new paradigm for investigating the etiology of obesity in early childhood: Exposure to added sugars and hyper‐palatable foods in infancy and dysregulation of food reinforcement processes

Fazzino

Kong

2022

Obesity Reviews

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Baby, children, and adult biscuits. Differences in nutritional quality and naturalness

Klerks,

Román,

Sánchez‐Siles

2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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This study examined and compared the nutritional quality and degree of naturalness between baby biscuits (<3 years), children biscuits (>3 years), and adult biscuits. Mintel's Global New Products Database was searched for “Baby Biscuits & Rusks” and “Sweet Biscuits/Cookies” (re)launched between July 2019 and July 2022 in four European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom), which resulted in 1280 products to be analyzed. Nutritional quality was measured by means of nutrient values per 100 g, and baby biscuits were assessed for compliance with the World Health Organization's latest Nutrient and Promotion Profile Model (NPPM). Degree of naturalness was measured using the food naturalness index (FNI). Baby biscuits had the best nutritional quality and were the most natural as compared to children and adult biscuits, but their energy density and sugar content require further attention. Nutritional quality was comparably poor in children and adult biscuits, and children biscuits were the least natural of the three groups. The NPPM requirements of not adding any free sugar at all to baby biscuits may drive parents to purchase alternative sweeter biscuits originally formulated and meant for children and adults. Reasonable regulations are needed to support product (re)formulations and to improve the current market food offer for babies and children.

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Hyper-palatable foods in elementary school lunches: Availability and contributing factors in a national sample of US public schools

et al. 2023

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Background School cafeterias are a major point of influence for child nutrition. United States federal legislation requires the presence of important nutrients in school meals. However, legislation overlooks the potential presence of hyper-palatable foods in school lunches, a hypothesized factor that may influence children’s eating behavior and obesity risk. The study sought to 1) quantify the prevalence of hyper-palatable foods (HPF) served in US elementary school lunches; and 2) determine whether food hyper-palatability varied based on school geographic region (East/Central/West), urbanicity (urban/micropolitan/rural), or meal item (entrée/side/fruit or vegetable). Methods Lunch menu data (N = 18 menus; N = 1160 total foods) were collected from a sample of six states that represented geographic regions of the United States (Eastern/Central/Western; Northern/Southern) and that had variability in urbanicity (urban, micropolitan, and rural) within each state. A standardized definition from Fazzino et al (2019) was used to identify HPF in lunch menus. Results HPF comprised almost half of foods in school lunches (M = 47%; SD = 5%). Compared to fruit/vegetable items, entrées were >23 times more likely to be hyper-palatable and side dishes were >13 times more likely to be hyper-palatable (p values < .001). Geographic region and urbanicity were not significantly associated with food item hyper-palatability (p values >.05). The majority of entrée and side items contained meat/meat alternatives and/or grains and likely aligned with the US federal reimbursable meal components of meat/meat alternatives and/or grains. Conclusions and implications HPF comprised almost half of foods offered in elementary school lunches. Entrées and side items were most likely to be hyper-palatable. US school lunches may be a key point of regular exposure to HPF among young children, a risk factor that may elevate child obesity risk. Public policy regulating HPF in school meals may be needed to protect children’s health.

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The Prevalence of Hyperpalatable Baby Foods and Exposure During Infancy: A Preliminary Investigation

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

A new paradigm for investigating the etiology of obesity in early childhood: Exposure to added sugars and hyper‐palatable foods in infancy and dysregulation of food reinforcement processes

A new paradigm for investigating the etiology of obesity in early childhood: Exposure to added sugars and hyper‐palatable foods in infancy and dysregulation of food reinforcement processes

Baby, children, and adult biscuits. Differences in nutritional quality and naturalness

Hyper-palatable foods in elementary school lunches: Availability and contributing factors in a national sample of US public schools

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