The prevalence of hypertension among Malaysian adults and its associated risk factors: data from Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS)

Abstract

Background Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease and leading cause of mortality globally. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among Malaysian population using data from the Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS). Methods This study was a cross-sectional study using multi-stage stratified sampling method. Data collection was carried out via face-to-face interview at the respondent’s home from October 2017 until March 2018. A total of 1047 respondents aged 18 years and above completed the questionnaires and blood pressure measurement. A person who reported diagnosis of hypertension by a physician and had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg on three readings was categorised as hypertensive. Risk factors of hypertension were analysed using multiple logistic regression. Results The prevalence of hypertension in the present study was 49.39% (95% CI 44.27–54.51). There was no statistically significant difference in gender. Age, household income, BMI, and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. Hypertension found had inverse association with the level of education. Age was the strongest predictor of hypertension (35–44 years old; OR=2.39, 95% CI=1.39–4.09, 45–54 years old; OR=5.50, 95% CI=3.23–9.38, 55–64 years old OR=13.56, 95% CI=7.77–23.64 and 65 years old and above; OR=25.28, 95% CI=13.33–48.66). Those who had higher BMI more likely to be hypertensive as compared to respondents with normal weight (overweight, OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.18–2.86; obese, OR=4.29% CI=2.56–7.29). Conclusion The findings showed that hypertension is prevalent among adults in Malaysia. Those with older age, higher BMI, and diabetes are more likely to have hypertension. Efforts regarding lifestyle modification and education could be important in hypertension management and prevention.

Epidemiology of hypertension among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

“…Our study revealed increasing age and being male as important predictors of hypertension. Supporting evidence was reported from the studies conducted in Ethiopia and elsewhere ( Asemu et al, 2021 , Dereje et al, 2020 , Hasan et al, 2018 , Kumma et al, 2021 , Omar et al, 2020 , Tiruneh et al, 2020 , Zaki et al, 2021 ). Hypertension increases with age due to structural changes in the walls of blood vessels ( Pinto, 2007 ), and men are more likely to be susceptible to behavioral risk factors.…”

The Evaluation of Ordinal Regression Model's Performance Through the Implementation of Multilayer Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Case Study of Hypertension

“…Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a prevalent medical condition affecting a substantial portion of the global population [ 1 ]. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart attacks; kidney disease; and strokes, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide [ 2 ]. In line with this, a 34-year follow-up of the Framingham Heart Study cohort found that those with higher blood pressure quintiles had a greater risk of congestive heart failure than those in the lower quintile at the start of the study [ 3 ].…”

“…The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) shows that the rate of hypertension among US adults increased from 23.9% in 1988-1994 to 29.0% in 2007-2008. However, the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) reported that hypertension among Malaysian adults was 30.3% (rates increasing with age) [ 2 ].…”

Health motivations and perceived barriers are determinants of self-care behaviour for the prevention of hypertension in a Malaysian community

“…The National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019 of a representative sample of 14,965 Malaysian adults reported an overall hypertension prevalence of 30% (15.9% known hypertension, 14.1% raised blood pressure among unknown hypertension) [ 3 ]. More recently, the Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) reported a 49.39% overall prevalence of hypertension (95% CI 44.27–54.51) in a representative sample of 1047 adults [ 4 ]. A secondary analysis of the NHMS 2015 of a representative sample of 15,738 Malaysian adults reported a staggering 66.8% overall prevalence of increased blood pressure (95% CI: 65.6–68.0), comprising 45.8% prehypertension (95% CI: 44.66–46.97), 15.1% Stage 1 hypertension (95% CI: 14.34–15.92) and 5.9% Stage 2 hypertension (95% CI: 5.44–6.41) [ 5 ].…”

“…More recently, the Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) reported a 49.39% overall prevalence of hypertension (95% CI 44. 27-54.51) in a representative sample of 1047 adults [4]. A secondary analysis of the NHMS 2015 of a representative sample of 15,738 Malaysian adults reported a staggering 66.8% overall prevalence of increased blood pressure (95% CI: 65.6-68.0), comprising 45.8% prehypertension (95% CI: 44.66-46.97), 15.1% Stage 1 hypertension (95% CI: 14.34-15.92) and 5.9% Stage 2 hypertension (95% CI: 5.44-6.41) [5].…”