The prevalence of MS in the United States

Wallin, Mitchell T.; Culpepper, William J.; Campbell, Jonathan D.; Nelson, Lorene M.; Langer‐Gould, Annette; Marrie, Ruth Ann; Cutter, Gary; Kaye, Wendy; Wagner, Laurie; Tremlett, Helen; Buka, Stephen L.; Dilokthornsakul, Piyameth; Topol, Barbara; Chen, Lie H.; LaRocca, Nicholas G.

doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000007035

Cited by 879 publications

(387 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…4,5 Two age-associated NDDs have a greater prevalence among women: Alzheimer disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). 6,7 Women are at a 2-fold greater lifetime risk than men for developing AD, and MS is 2.8 times more prevalent among women than men. 7,8 Currently, AD affects 1 in 9 persons in the US older than 65 years, 9 two-thirds of whom are women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 Women are at a 2-fold greater lifetime risk than men for developing AD, and MS is 2.8 times more prevalent among women than men. 7,8 Currently, AD affects 1 in 9 persons in the US older than 65 years, 9 two-thirds of whom are women. In this age group, breast cancer is projected to increase and will account for almost one-third of all cancers among women in 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association Between Hormone-Modulating Breast Cancer Therapies and Incidence of Neurodegenerative Outcomes for Women With Breast Cancer

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE The association between exposure to hormone-modulating therapy (HMT) as breast cancer treatment and neurodegenerative disease (NDD) is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether HMT exposure is associated with the risk of NDD in women with breast cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cohort study used the Humana claims data set from January 1, 2007, to March 31, 2017. The Humana data set contains claims from privatepayer and Medicare insurance data sets from across the United States with a population primarily residing in the Southeast. Patient claims records were surveyed for a diagnosis of NDD starting 1 year after breast cancer diagnosis for the duration of enrollment in the claims database. Participants were 57 843 women aged 45 years or older with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Patients were required to be actively enrolled in Humana claims records for 6 months prior to and at least 3 years after the diagnosis of breast cancer. The analyses were conducted between January 1 and 15, 2020. EXPOSURE Hormone-modulating therapy (selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen receptor antagonists, and aromatase inhibitors). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Patients receiving HMT for breast cancer treatment were identified. Survival analysis was used to determine the association between HMT exposure and diagnosis of NDD. A propensity score approach was used to minimize measured and unmeasured selection bias.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Hormone-Modulating Breast Cancer Therapies and Incidence of Neurodegenerative Outcomes for Women With Breast Cancer

et al. 2020

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“…Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease that impacts approximately 2.3 million people world-wide [1]. MS is characterized by the formation of demyelinating lesions, which are disseminated in both time and space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to demyelination, peripheral immune cell infiltration to the CNS is associated with inflammation, tissue damage, and axonal loss [3]. There are three major subtypes of MS: (1) relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), (2) secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS) [4,5]. RRMS is the most common subtype.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Murine Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Monaghan

Wan

2020

Cells

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that predominantly impacts the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models have been used to elucidate the underpinnings of MS pathology. One of the most well-studied models of MS is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This model was utilized to demonstrate that the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a critical and non-redundant role in mediating EAE pathology, making it an ideal therapeutic target. In this review, we will first explore the role that GM-CSF plays in maintaining homeostasis. This is important to consider, because any therapeutics that target GM-CSF could potentially alter these regulatory processes. We will then focus on current findings related to the function of GM-CSF signaling in EAE pathology, including the cell types that produce and respond to GM-CSF and the role of GM-CSF in both acute and chronic EAE. We will then assess the role of GM-CSF in alternative models of MS and comment on how this informs the understanding of GM-CSF signaling in the various aspects of MS immunopathology. Finally, we will examine what is currently known about GM-CSF signaling in MS, and how this has promoted clinical trials that directly target GM-CSF.

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“…to the risk of misdiagnosis between MS and other degenerative neurological diseases, a risk which has been suggested to still exist with the 2017 update of the McDonald criteria [10,13]. Therefore, it has been questioned to what extent an MS diagnosis is incorrectly assigned and recorded in administrative records during the period investigating whether a patient has MS [10,[13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of multiple sclerosis diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register

et al. 2019

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Population-based registers are widely used in epidemiological studies. We aimed to estimate the validity of multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnoses registered in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR) by two sequential register-based case-definition algorithms. Prevalent MS patients aged 16-64 years were identified from the in-and specialised out-patient NPR in 2001-2013, using International Classification of Diseases code G35. These identified MS diagnoses were validated through two sequential register-based case-definition algorithms, as the 'gold-standard' reference, by linking individual-level data longitudinally to other nationwide registers. The primary algorithm first sought to corroborate the MS diagnoses with MS-specific information in other nationwide registers. The exploratory secondary algorithm identified individuals with MS-related information in other registers and those who were unable to be followed sufficiently. Through multi-register linkage, we estimated the number of confirmed and uncertain individuals with an MS diagnosis recorded in the NPR. A total of 19,781 individuals (mean age at first visit 45.2 years; 69.5% women) had at least one MS diagnosis recorded in the NPR during 2001-2013. Using the two case-definition algorithms, 92.5% (n = 18,291) of the MS diagnoses recorded in the NPR were confirmed, while 7.5% (n = 1490) remained uncertain. Our findings indicate that a very high percentage of patients coded with an MS diagnosis in the Swedish NPR actually have MS, and supports the use of the NPR as a viable source to identify individuals with an MS diagnosis for population-based research. This exploratory methods paper suggests an alternative novel method to verify individuals' diagnoses in register-based settings.

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The prevalence of MS in the United States

Cited by 879 publications

References 36 publications

Association Between Hormone-Modulating Breast Cancer Therapies and Incidence of Neurodegenerative Outcomes for Women With Breast Cancer

Association Between Hormone-Modulating Breast Cancer Therapies and Incidence of Neurodegenerative Outcomes for Women With Breast Cancer

The Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Murine Models of Multiple Sclerosis

Validation of multiple sclerosis diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register

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