The prevalence of novel porcine circovirus type 3 isolates in pig farms in China

Liu, Yingyi; Zhang, Shuo; Song, Xiaohui; Hou, Bo; Gu, Xingfang; Zhao, Bolin; Yang, Lin; Wang, Chuanbin; Zhou, Zhi

doi:10.1111/tbed.13266

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, the exact pathogenesis of PCV3 remains unclear [21][22][23]. The genome of PCV3 contains two major open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encoding replicase and ORF2 encoding capsid [24]. The capsid protein is a karyophilic protein located in the nucleus [14,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Nuclear Localization Signals in the ORF2 Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 3

Mou

Wang

Pan

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) contains two major open reading frames (ORFs) and the ORF2 gene encodes the major structural capsid protein. In this study, nuclear localization of ORF2 was demonstrated by fluorescence observation and subcellular fractionation assays in ORF2-transfected PK-15 cells. The subcellular localization of truncated ORF2 indicated that the 38 N-terminal amino acids were responsible for the nuclear localization of ORF2. The truncated and site-directed mutagenesis of this domain were constructed, and the results demonstrated that the basic amino acid residues at positions 8-32 were essential for the strict nuclear localization. The basic motifs 8 RRR-R-RRR 16 and 16 RRRHRRR 22 were further shown to be the key functional nucleolar localization signals that guide PCV3 ORF2 into nucleoli. Furthermore, sequence analysis showed that the amino acids of PCV3 nuclear localization signals were highly conserved. Overall, this study provides insight into the biological and functional characteristics of the PCV3 ORF2 protein.case of PCVs, the N-terminus of ORF2 is rich in basic amino acids and displays nuclear localization signals (NLSs) [14][15][16]. The NLS is a short stretch of amino acids that mediates the transport of nuclear proteins into the nucleus. NLS motifs play a key role in this mechanism. NLS sequences are often composed of basic amino acids and can be classified as either monopartite or bipartite motifs [17,18]. The nuclear targeting of PCV2 ORF2 is directed by the bipartite motifs situated at the N-terminus of the proteins [14,15]. NLSs of PCV1 ORF2 show high homologies to classical monopartite or bipartite NLS, which is essential for the complete nuclear import of PCV1 ORF2. The N-terminus of PCV1 and PCV2 ORF2 contain several conserved basic amino acid stretches [15,19], and shares 70.7% in nucleotide identity and 82.9% in amino acid similarity.Verification of NLS and demonstration of intracellular distribution facilitate understanding of viral protein function. The amino acids of PCV3 ORF2 are markedly different from those of the other PCVs. This led us to study the functional motifs in nuclear targeting of PCV3 ORF2. In this study, a series of recombinant plasmids expressing PCV3 ORF2 fused to EGFP were constructed, and we identified the main motifs of the NLSs mediating nuclear localization of PCV3 ORF2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Nuclear Localization Signals in the ORF2 Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 3

Mou

Wang

Pan

et al. 2019

Viruses

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“…Retrospective research data demonstrated that PCV3 possessed a high sequence homology to bat circovirus, suggesting that PCV3 might have been derived early from bats and gradually adapted to pigs (Li et al 2018). In China, the infection rate of PCV3 is increasing in pig farms (Chen et al 2019;Geng et al 2019;Liu et al 2019;Xu et al 2018). Seriously, the positive rate of PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection in China is getting higher and higher (Guo et al 2020;Wang et al 2020a;Xia et al 2019;Zhang et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and Application of Dual TaqMan Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the Detection of Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3

Cao

Luan

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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To establish a rapid method for the simultaneous differential detection of porcine circovirus types 2 (PCV2) and 3 (PCV3), two pairs of primers and two TaqMan probes were designed according to the gene sequences of PCV2 and PCV3, and a dual TaqMan fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the simultaneous detection of two virus nucleic acids was established. The results showed that the correlation coefficients (R2) of the standard curves drawn using the recombinant plasmids of PCV2 and PCV3 were greater than 0.99 and had a good linear relationship. The specific detection results of PCV type 1, Porcine parvovirus, and Porcine pseudorabies virus were negative. The detection limits of this experimental method for PCV2 and PCV3 were 10 and 1 copies/μL, respectively, which were more sensitive than those of the common PCR detection methods. The established method was used to detect 76 samples from some pig farms in Shandong Province. 11 of the 76 samples were PCV3 positive (positive rate of 14.47%), 24 were PCV2 positive (positive rate of 34.58%), and PCV3 and PCV2 were mixed in six samples (positive rate of 7.89%). The whole-genome sequence of PCV3 was amplified and sequenced to further understand the molecular biological characteristics and genetic variation of PCV3 in Shandong Province. The genomes of 11 PCV3 strains were all 2000 bp long, and the whole-genome sequence homology between them ranged from 98.4% to 99.9%. There were mutation sites in the amino acid sequences of Cap and Rep proteins, and the strains isolated in this experiment were concentrated in the PCV3a and PCV3c subgroups. This study provides technical support and molecular biological basis for nucleic acid detection, epidemiological characteristics, genetic variation, and control of PCV3 in Shandong Province.

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“…Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) was first detected in Hunan, China, in 2019 ( 12 ). The first case of PCV3 was reported in China in 2017; since then, PCV3 has been reported in Jiangxi, Fujian, Shandong, and Liaoning provinces, which are major pig-producing provinces in China ( 13 – 16 ). Furthermore, PCV3 has been reported in several countries, including China, the United States, Italy, Korea, Spain, and Russia ( 9 , 17 – 22 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, a positive rate of 44.2% has been reported in Korea ( 20 ). In China, high PCV3 positive rates have been reported in Anhui province (20%), Jiangsu province (26.7%), Zhejiang province (23.3%), Chongqing City (16.7%), and Hunan province (45.9%) ( 16 , 25 , 26 ). PCV4 was detected for the first time in Hunan province with a positive rate of 12.8%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Porcine Circoviruses in Slaughterhouses in Central Shanxi Province, China

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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BackgroundPorcine circovirus disease is currently the greatest threat to pig farming. Four main porcine circovirus genotypes are circulating worldwide.ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess the prevalence of porcine circovirus genotypes in the central part of Shanxi province.MethodsWe investigated the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), and porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4). Porcine circoviruses were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the lung tissues of 180 pigs from 7 slaughterhouses in central Shanxi, China.ResultsThe prevalence of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were 56.8, 80, and 9.4%, respectively, and the negative rate was 10% for all three pathogens. The co-infection with PCV2 + PCV3, PCV2 + PCV4, PCV3 + PCV4, and PCV2 + PCV3 + PCV4 were 47.2, 7.4, 7.4, and 5.6%, respectively. Among PCV4-positive samples, the positive rate of PCV4 + PCV2 was 52.9% (9/17), whereas that of PCV4 + PCV3 was 100% (17/17). On the other hand, PCV2 and PCV3 were detected in 57.1% (93/163) and in 78.5% (128/163) of PCV4-negative samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were not in the same clade and were distant from each other.ConclusionThe high positive rates of PCV3, PCV2 + PCV3, and PCV3 + PCV4 suggest that PCV3 may play a decisive role in PCV2 and PCV4 infections. Therefore, further control of PCV3 is needed to reduce the spread of the virus.

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The prevalence of novel porcine circovirus type 3 isolates in pig farms in China

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Identification of Nuclear Localization Signals in the ORF2 Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 3

Identification of Nuclear Localization Signals in the ORF2 Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 3

Establishment and Application of Dual TaqMan Fluorescence Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the Detection of Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3

Prevalence of Porcine Circoviruses in Slaughterhouses in Central Shanxi Province, China

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