The Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Its Relationship to Sleep Quality in Saudi Arabia's General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Al‐Rasheed, Maha; Al-Aqeel, Sinaa; Alkadir, Afnan M.; Shuqiran, Khulood Bin; Khurshid, Fowad; AlRasheed, Noura M.; Al-kufeidy, Roua M.; Alhaj, Omar A.; Jahrami, Haitham; BaHammam, Ahmed S.

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.809040

“…In this study, about 3% of patients had a K10 score above 30, indicating they were under severe psychological distress [ 34 , 35 ]. Kessler et al [ 36 ] suggested that about 6% of Americans may suffer from severe mental disorder, and this result was also supported by other studies [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Specific Craniomaxillofacial Features Correlate with Psychological Distress in Adult Pretreatment Orthodontic Patients? A Cephalometric Study

Xiao

¹

,

Wan

²

,

Yan

³

et al. 2022

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Purpose. To explore the relationship between craniomaxillofacial features and psychological distress among adult pretreatment orthodontic patients. Methods. A group of 190 patients (95 males and 95 females) was included. Questionnaires including the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10) were sent to patients, and cephalograms were collected. Patients were divided into two groups according to K10 score: psychological distress group ( score ≥ 20 ) and no psychological distress group ( score < 20 ). Nineteen hard tissue and thirteen soft tissue parameters were traced on cephalograms to characterize the craniomaxillofacial features. Results. There was no significant difference in gender or age distribution between the two groups. Male patients with psychological distress showed statistically significantly larger anterior facial height (AFH) (126.62 mm vs. 120.97 mm), upper lip length (25.11 mm vs. 23.26 mm), and smaller overbite (1.21 mm vs. 2.75 mm) than patients without psychological distress. Male patients with hyperdivergent pattern and open bite were more likely to have psychological distress. None of the parameters showed statistical differences across groups in females. Frankfort-mandibular plane angle ( r = 0.235 ), Bjork’s sum ( r = 0.311 ), AFH ( r = 0.322 ), overbite ( r = − 0.238 ), AFH/posterior facial height ( r = 0.251 ), and upper anterior facial height (UAFH)/lower anterior facial height (LAFH) ( r = − 0.230 ) were correlated with K10 score in males. After adjusting gender and age, the AFH ( B = 0.147 ) and UAFH/LAFH ( B = − 14.923 ) were significantly related with the K10 score. Conclusion. Psychological distress was mainly correlated with hyperdivergent pattern, open bite, and larger lower anterior facial height proportion in pretreatment orthodontic patients. Orthodontists should be aware of the possible underlying psychological distress in patients with specific craniomaxillofacial features. Clinical assessment of psychological distress may need to take into account gender differences in patients.

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“…Another study from the region reported lower sleep efficiency, another measure of sleep quality, of 25.5% in females and 13.3% in males [50]. Sleep quality has been reported to have been affected by the pandemic, probably because of the pandemic-related challenges impacting people's lifestyles and mental wellbeing [51] and because of their fears and the spread of misinformation about the pandemic [52]. It is also important to note that poor sleep quality has been attributed to stressful factors of the COVID-19 pandemic, including lockdowns and news about the pandemic [53] and that this stress could be higher in certain groups of populations than others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bahrain: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Ahmed,

AlSaleh,

Almarabheh

et al. 2023

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Lifestyle factors such as dietary habits, perceived weight, sleep, and physical activity worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through this study, we aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on these lifestyle factors in Bahrain. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1005 adult Bahrainis. Data were collected online using a structured and validated questionnaire for the assessment of eating habits, physical activity, and lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were snowballed through those who agreed to answer the online questionnaire. There was a higher consumption of fast food, and a higher dependence on takeaways during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 63.5% of the participants consumed >4 meals per day, compared to 36.5% before the COVID-19. About 30% reported consumption of sugar sweetened beverages from two to three times a day. Weight loss was predominantly observed in persons exercising 1–3 times a week. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was also high, with about 19% reporting drinking sweet beverages once every day, 10.6% from two to three times a day, and 40.4% from one to four times a week. A higher proportion of the participants reported poor sleep quality during the pandemic (31.2%) compared to before (12.2%), and 39.7% of the participants reported feeling lazy. Screen time use also doubled during the pandemic, with participants spending more than five hours per day on screens for entertainment, which went from 22.4% before to 51.9% during the pandemic. The lifestyle and dietary habits changed drastically for our study participants during the pandemic. The increased reliance on processed fast food instead of healthier options is a challenge to be tackled in any future pandemic situation. Future research needs to focus on strategies to promote healthier lifestyle modifications during situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

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“…The study further reported that distress was associated with recent changes in sleep habits, fear-related to coronavirus news, and lack of treatment for coronavirus. 34 A large study in Bahrain 35 also showed that the pandemic had a significant psychological impact on Bahrain’s population, with almost one-third of the population experiencing some level of discomfort and anxiety symptoms.…”

Section: Reported Findings In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synthetic Review from a Global Perspective

Pandi‐Perumal¹,

Zaki²,

Qasim³

et al. 2022

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Some research suggests that distress, secondary to isolation and fear following COVID-19 infection, can negatively affect the long-term more than the COVID-19 infection itself. This narrative review aims to provide a global view on the neuropsychiatric consequences of COVID-19 that can be ascribed to several factors, ranging from the direct effect of infection, to the body’s responses against the infection, or to the psychological sequelae of social isolation, unemployment, and fear for one’s health and livelihood. Current findings show that the more severe the respiratory infection, the more likely are central nervous system (CNS) complications regarding the infection itself. The immune reactions to the infection may result in symptoms similar to chronic fatigue as well as neurocognitive deficits, which last long after the infection is gone. An increase in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related stress may also follow upon economic fears and isolation from friends and family. The consequences of the pandemic are not limited to adults; children learning remotely and away from classmates and routine activities may develop adjustment disorders, acute stress disorder, and a variety of manifestations of grief. A summary of case reports suggests that COVID-19-related stress, economic recession, and political unrest increase the risk of suicidal behaviors and acts of violence. However, it is unknown whether manifestations of mental disorders result from social causes or whether CNS complications may be responsible.

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The Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Its Relationship to Sleep Quality in Saudi Arabia's General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Do Specific Craniomaxillofacial Features Correlate with Psychological Distress in Adult Pretreatment Orthodontic Patients? A Cephalometric Study

Do Specific Craniomaxillofacial Features Correlate with Psychological Distress in Adult Pretreatment Orthodontic Patients? A Cephalometric Study

Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bahrain: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Neuropsychiatric Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synthetic Review from a Global Perspective

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