The Prevalence of Smoking among the Population in the City of Mashhad (North East of Iran) And Pulmonary Function Tests among Smokers

Abstract

Introduction: Smoking is known as a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study theprevalence of smoking in the population of Mashhad city was evaluated as well as pulmonary function tests (PFTs) of smokers. Material and methods: The prevalence of smoking was studied using a standard questionnaire. Pulmonary function tests, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximal expiratory flow at 75%, 50%, and 25% of the FVC (MEF75,50,25), were measured in all smokers. Results: In total, 1435 individuals were interviewed including 999 males and 436 females. The number of smokers among the interviewed individuals was 183 (12.7%) including 172 male (17.2%) and 11 female (2.5%). The results showed that all values of PFTs in smokers were reduced. There were significant negative correlations between smoking duration and rate as pack/year and values of PFT (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In this study the prevalence of smoking in the population of Mashhad city was shown for the first time. The effect of smoking on PFTs showed that smoking leads to constriction of large and medium airways, which is due to duration and rate of smoking.

The effect of 3‐year parental smoking on asthma status of their children

“…The effect of cigarette smoking on RS and PFT values was also shown in several studies including our previous studies, 26 , 27 and the effect of water pipe smoking on RS and PFT values was shown more pronounced than cigarette smoke even in smokers with deep inspiration during cigarette smoking, 28 which support the effect of parents smoking on RS and PFT values of their asthmatic children. In the present study, the difference in the growth between asthmatic children with smoker and non‐smoker parents over study period (3 years) was not assessed, which should be examined in further studies.…”

Blood group in relation to oral Fordyce's granules and serum cholesterol level

“…The current study showed that blood group O and positive Rh was the most predominant among the study sample which is a common finding in studies of this type 24,25 . In the Middle East, similar distributions of blood grouping O most common followed by, A, B, AB (least common) have been reported from studies in neighboring countries; Saudi Arabia, 26 Kuwait, 27 Jordan, 28 Iran 29 and Turkey 30 …”

“…22,23 The current study showed that blood group O and positive Rh was the most predominant among the study sample which is a common finding in studies of this type. 24,25 In the Middle East, similar distributions of blood grouping O most common followed by, A, B, AB (least common) have been reported from studies in neighboring countries; Saudi Arabia, 26 Kuwait, 27 Jordan, 28 Iran 29 and Turkey. 30 While previous studies have indicated an association between plasma lipid levels and ABO blood group might 31 the association of various ABO groups with total cholesterol levels has recently been reinforced in genetic research and ABO locus variation.…”