The prevalence of thyroid nodules and its factors among Chinese adult women: A cross-sectional study

Xia, Dong; Liu, Ying; Xie, Jianfei; Li, Lijun; Wan, Ziyu; Kang, Yue Jai; Luo, Yating; Wang, Jiangang; Duan, Yinglong; Cheng, Andy S. K.

doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.967380

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The association of MetS with the incidence of TNs provides evidence for identifying patients at risk. After stratification by gender, individual symptoms of MetS can be independent risk factors for TNs in women ( 12 , 13 , 14 ), whereas the association remains controversial in men ( 13 , 15 ). Further studies are required to clarify the association between MetS and TNs in men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors on thyroid nodules in Chinese adult men: a cross-sectional study

Wan,

Li,

Dong

et al. 2023

European Thyroid Journal

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Introduction: Given the high prevalence of thyroid nodules and the potential for malignancy, it is imperative to understand the various factors that contribute to their development. This study aimed to explore the relationship between metabolic syndrome, lifestyle, and thyroid nodules in adult men in southern China. Method: This study enrolled a total of 183, 990 subjects at a medical examination center in a general hospital in southern China between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome, lifestyle factors and thyroid nodules. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM) elucidated the intricate relationships among these variables. Result: The prevalence of thyroid nodules among Chinese adult males was 14.9%. Several factors were identified as risk factors for thyroid nodules, including advanced age, irregular meal time, smoking or quitting smoking, quitting drinking, heavier manual labor, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and centripetal obesity. And, belonging to ethnic minorities and drinking alcohol were found to be protective factors against thyroid nodules. Structural equation modeling highlighted metabolic syndrome's mediating role amidst lifestyle influences on thyroid nodules. Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid nodules in Chinese adult males is relatively moderate to low. The factors identified in this study can help clinicians identify high-risk patients and develop targeted screening strategies for the timely detection of thyroid nodules. However, further mechanistic research and longitudinal studies are necessary to explore the underlying causes and establish causal relationships.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors on thyroid nodules in Chinese adult men: a cross-sectional study

Wan,

Li,

Dong

et al. 2023

European Thyroid Journal

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“…Although it is known that estrogen plays an important role in the growth of thyroid cells, further investigation is required to understand the underlying mechanisms related to gender differences associated with thyroid nodules ( 3 , 9 ). With increasing age, thyroid function declines, and fibrosis of the thyroid tissue ensues, which increases the risk of thyroid nodules ( 8 ). Another perspective suggests that with aging, the body increases its production of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, ultimately having a detrimental impact on thyroid cells ( 29 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk factor for thyroid nodules identified in this study is dyslipidemia, which also constitutes a component of metabolic syndrome and exhibits similarities to obesity and impaired fasting glucose. Extensive research has demonstrated that elevated TG and decreased HDL-C are associated with an increased risk of thyroid nodules ( 8 , 11 , 41 ). In this study, the levels of TG and TC in the group with thyroid nodules were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the levels of HDL-C were significantly lower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and validation of a multivariate logistic model for risk factors of thyroid nodules using lasso regression screening

Liu,

Feng,

Gao

et al. 2024

Front. Endocrinol.

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ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze the association between the occurrence of thyroid nodules and various factors and to establish a risk factor model for thyroid nodules.MethodsThe study population was divided into two groups: a group with thyroid nodules and a group without thyroid nodules. Regression with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) was applied to the complete dataset for variable selection. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between various influencing factors and the prevalence of thyroid nodules.ResultsBased on the screening results of Lasso regression and the subsequent establishment of the Binary Logistic Regression Model on the training dataset, it was found that advanced age (OR=1.046, 95% CI: 1.033-1.060), females (OR = 1.709, 95% CI: 1.342-2.181), overweight individuals (OR = 1.546, 95% CI: 1.165-2.058), individuals with impaired fasting glucose (OR = 1.590, 95% CI: 1.193-2.122), and those with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.588, 95% CI: 1.197-2.112) were potential risk factors for thyroid nodule disease (p<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the Binary Logistic Regression Model is 0.68 (95% CI: 0.64-0.72).Conclusionsadvanced age, females, overweight individuals, those with impaired fasting glucose, and individuals with dyslipidemia are potential risk factors for thyroid nodule disease.

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“…Therefore, the speci c mechanism of thyroid nodules remains unclear. It has been reported that thyroid nodules may be related to genetics, economic development, lifestyle, and more exposure to radiation among urban populations, atmospheric and water pollution, as well as psychological stress and other predisposing factors for thyroid nodules [23,24] . More research is needed to analyze the cause.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between adult iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study in Qinghai Province for the first time

Fan,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective To investigate the adult iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases in Qinghai Province, and analyze the correlation between iodine and thyroid diseases, so as to provide a basis for adjusting the salt iodization plan in Qinghai Province. Methods Using cluster and stratified sampling method to select 2638 permanent residents over 18 years old in Qinghai Province for questionnaire survey, physical examination, thyroid color ultrasound, and laboratory index detection. Results 1. The coverage of iodized salt in adults is 99.71%. 2. The prevalence of thyroid disorders in adults were as follows: Clinical hyperthyroidism was 1.20%, subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.20%, clinical hypothyroidism was 1.00%, subclinical hypothyroidism was 29.20%, and the goiter was 2.10%. The percentages positivity of TPO Ab, TG AB, goiter were 9.80%, 9.20%, 2.10%, respectively. Among them single thyroid nodule was 6.40%, multi-nodule thyroid gland was 1.80%. 3. The percentages of mild iodine deficiency, moderate iodine deficiency, Severe iodine deficiency, adequate iodine intake (AI), more than adequate iodine intake (MAI）and excessive iodine intake (EI）were 8.41%, 2.17%, 0.26%, 33.22%, 28.35%, and27.59 %, respectively. The percentages of mild, moderate and severe iodine deficiency in urban populations (7.13%, 0.87%, 0.0%) were significantly lower than those in rural populations (9.81%, 3.59%, 0.56%) (P < 0.05), and the rate of adequate, more than adequate iodine intake in urban populations(36.03%, 30.93%) was significantly higher than that in rural populations (30.14%, 25.52%). The rate of excess iodine intake was higher in rural areas (30.38%) than in urban areas (25.04%). 4. The positive rates of subclinical hypothyroidism, goiter, TPO Ab and TG Ab in female adults (35.28%, 3.39%, 13.54%, 13.94%) were higher than those in male adults (23.58%, 0.96%, 6.266%, 4.79%). The detection rate of single thyroid nodules was higher in urban (8.01%) than rural areas (4.70%), while the detection rate of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and goiter (0.58%, 25.84%, 1.38%) was lower than that in rural areas(1.52%, 32.96%，2.96%) (P<0.05). 5. There was no statistical significance in the detection rates of clinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, goiter, thyroid nodules, TPO Ab and TG Ab positive rates in different iodine nutritional status (P>0.05). The positive rate of hypothyroidism in the iodine deficiency group is higher than in other iodine nutrition groups. Conclusion The nutritional status of iodine in Qinghai Province is iodine excess. Subclinical hypothyroidism was detected at a high rate. Subclinical hypothyroidism, goiter, TPO Ab, and TG Ab were more common in female than in male. The proportion of mild, moderate, and severe iodine deficiency was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The detection rate of thyroid nodules was higher in urban than in rural areas, and that of hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and goiter was lower than that in rural areas. The positive rate of hypothyroidism was higher in the iodine deficient group than in the other iodine nutrition groups.

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The prevalence of thyroid nodules and its factors among Chinese adult women: A cross-sectional study

Cited by 10 publications

References 56 publications

Influence of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors on thyroid nodules in Chinese adult men: a cross-sectional study

Influence of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors on thyroid nodules in Chinese adult men: a cross-sectional study

Establishment and validation of a multivariate logistic model for risk factors of thyroid nodules using lasso regression screening

The relationship between adult iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases: a cross-sectional study in Qinghai Province for the first time

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