The prevalence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Urinary tract infection is the most common infection in type 2 diabetic patients. Various studies have reported different outbreaks of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients during a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to develop interventions to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods In this study, systematic review and meta-analysis of study data related to the prevalence of urinary tract infection in type 2 diabetic patients were conducted using keywords including type 2 diabetes, urinary tract infection, diabetes, prevalence, meta-analysis and their English equivalents in SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (WoS) databases from 1993 to 2020. In order to perform the analysis of qualified studies, the model of random-effects was used, and the inconsistency of studies with the I2 index was investigated. Data analysis was performed with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2). Results Based on a total of 15 studies with a sample size of 827,948 in meta-analysis, the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection in patients with type 2 diabetes was 11.5% (95% confidence interval: 7.8–16.7%). The prevalence of urinary tract infections in diabetic Iranian patients increased with increasing number of years of research, (p < 0.05), and with increasing age of participants (p < 0.05), but however the prevalence decreased with increasing sample size (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study shows that urinary tract infections are highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, due to the growing prevalence of diabetes and its complications such as urinary tract infections, the need for appropriate screening programs and health care policies is becoming more apparent.

Diabetes Mellitus as a Predictive Factor for Urinary Tract Infection for Patients Treated with Kidney Transplantation

“…In the current study, DM was statistically detected for predicting post-transplant UTI based on multivariate analysis. Patients with DM generally have a potential disadvantage of an increased risk of infections, especially UTIs [ 11 ]. According to a retrospective case observational study from the UK General Practice Research Database, the incidence of UTI was 46.9 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI), 45.8–48.1) in recipients with DM and 29.9 (95% CI, 28.9–30.8) in those without DM, and the risk of developing a UTI was higher in patients with DM than in those without DM [ 22 ].…”

“…According to a retrospective case observational study from the UK General Practice Research Database, the incidence of UTI was 46.9 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI), 45.8–48.1) in recipients with DM and 29.9 (95% CI, 28.9–30.8) in those without DM, and the risk of developing a UTI was higher in patients with DM than in those without DM [ 22 ]. Various mechanisms are thought to increase the risk of UTI, including diabetic nephropathy, autonomic neuropathy, immune system disorders, and glucosuria [ 11 ]. Among them, diabetic nephropathy leads to protein excretion, severe glucosuria, and decreased local cytokine secretion [ 11 , 23 ].…”

“…Various mechanisms are thought to increase the risk of UTI, including diabetic nephropathy, autonomic neuropathy, immune system disorders, and glucosuria [ 11 ]. Among them, diabetic nephropathy leads to protein excretion, severe glucosuria, and decreased local cytokine secretion [ 11 , 23 ]. In patients with DM, there is a risk of progression of the infection to a more severe stage of UTI or the development of emphysematous cystitis and pyelonephritis [ 24 ].…”

“…UTI is the most common infectious disorder in patients with DM, and 150 million patients worldwide suffer from UTI each year [ 10 ]. UTI in patients with DM is caused by immune system disorders, decreased white blood cell function, poor blood supply, bladder dysfunction due to neuropathy, and glucosuria [ 11 ]. Although pre- and post-transplantation DM have been significantly correlated with an increased incidence of mortality and infection in recipients who underwent parenchymatous organ transplantation, including KT [ 12 ], the association between UTI and DM remains unclear.…”

Similarities in Bacterial Uropathogens and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile in Diabetics and Their Non-Diabetic Caregivers at a National Diabetes Management and Research Centre, Accra-Ghana

“…Urinary tract infections make it difficult to control blood sugar in diabetic patients, which increases the need for blood sugar monitoring, reduces the quality of life, and imposes significant treatment costs on the patient [ 25 ]. However, according to Salari [ 26 ], there is a difference of opinion regarding the effect of diabetes duration and blood sugar control on UTI.…”