The prevention of transmission of Babesia canis canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs using a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene

Jongejan, Frans; Fourie, Josephus J.; Chester, S. Theodore; Manavella, Coralie; Mallouk, Yasmina; Pollmeier, Matthias; Baggott, Derek

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.047

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, the antibody level was low. It is known, that IFA tests with B. canis as a substrate cross-react with antibodies against B. vogeli and B. rossi , but homologous species antigens will cause stronger reactions [40]. Furthermore, that exact time point of seroconversion is not known for a natural B. vogeli infection and follow-up serological examinations after initial PCR-positive results, as shown previously [26], was not possible in the present case.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

First case of Anaplasma platys infection in a dog from Croatia

Dyachenko¹,

Pantchev

Balzer

et al. 2012

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundIt is known that Anaplasma (A.) platys, the causative agent of infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, is endemic in countries of the Mediterranean basin. However, few reports are available from the Balkans. This case report describes a dog, which was imported from Croatia to Germany in May 2010. One month later the dog was presented to a local veterinarian in Germany due to intermittent/recurrent diarrhoea. Diagnostic tests were performed to identify infections caused by Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon canis, Babesia spp., Leishmania spp., Borrelia burgdorferi and/or Dirofilaria immitis.FindingsHaematological examination of a blood smear revealed basophilic inclusions in thrombocytes, which were confirmed as A. platys with a species-specific real-time PCR. Additionally, an infection with Babesia (B.) vogeli was also detected (PCR and serology). No specific antibodies against Anaplasma antigen were detectable. Although the dog showed no specific clinical signs, thrombocytopenia, anaemia and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) were observed. Sequencing of a 1,348-bp partial ribosomal RNA gene revealed highest homology to A. platys sequences from Thailand, Japan and France.ConclusionsA. platys was detected for first time in a dog imported from Croatia. As the dog was also co-infected by B. vogeli, unique serological and haematological findings were recorded. Thrombocytopenia, anaemia and elevated values of C-reactive protein were the laboratory test abnormalities observed in this case. A. platys infections should be considered in dogs coming from Croatia and adjacent regions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

First case of Anaplasma platys infection in a dog from Croatia

Dyachenko¹,

Pantchev

Balzer

et al. 2012

Parasites Vectors

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“…The fact that no live ticks were found at Day 28 and very few attached ticks is suggestive of a quick death but also detachment, which may also impact on the transmission of Babesia . Another study involving the combination of Fipronil-amitraz-(S)-methoprene demonstrated 86% efficacy against transmission using a similar protocol [21]. This topical formulation is known to induce a quick death, in less than 24 h and a detachment or a prevention of attachment of ticks [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some experimental studies have shown the protective effect provided by topical insecticide/acaricide. Efficacy is based on repellent/irritant effect by contact, inhibition of attachment and blood meal, and/or a quick speed of kill [21]. The protective effect of an acaricidal molecule given orally to dogs and acting systemically is less obvious as the ticks must attach and start to feed before being killed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ability of an oral formulation of afoxolaner to block the transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs

Beugnet

Halos

Larsen

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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BackgroundCanine babesiosis due to Babesia canis is an endemic disease in many European countries. A vaccine is available in some countries, but it does not prevent the infection and just helps in reducing the gravity of clinical signs. Therefore, the major way to help preventing the disease is by controlling tick infestations on dogs.To assess the preventive efficacy of afoxolaner (NexGard®), a new oral anti- flea and tick product, against Babesia canis infected adult Dermacentor reticulatus in an experimentally controlled study.MethodsSixteen healthy mixed breed adult dogs, negative for Babesia canis antibodies were included in a single centre, randomized, blinded and controlled study to evaluate the impact of treatment with afoxolaner on the transmission of Babesia canis to dogs exposed to Dermacentor reticulatus. The dogs were randomly allocated into two groups of 8 dogs each. One group remained untreated. In the other group, dogs were treated orally with a novel formulation of afoxolaner (NexGard®) on day 0. All dogs were infested each by 50 adult Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (equal sex ratio) at days 7, 14, 21 and 28. The Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were confirmed to harbour Babesia canis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).ResultsThe treatment was well tolerated by all dogs without any adverse effects. Babesia canis was transmitted by D. reticulatus to all untreated control dogs, confirmed following demonstration of hyperthermia, detection of B. canis parasites in blood smears and PCR assay from blood and serology. These confirmed infected dogs were subsequently treated with imidocarb and diminazene. The treated dogs remained negative based on all criteria until the last study, Day 56, confirming that the oral treatment of dogs with NexGard® prevented transmission of Babesia canis and development of clinical babesiosis for up to 28 days.ConclusionThis is the first demonstration that an oral acaricidal treatment may prevent the transmission of a pathogen despite the need for the tick to attach and start feeding before being killed by the acaricide.

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“…A relatively new area of research is the development of transmission-blocking models, wherein the ability of tick control compounds to prevent transmission of pathogens can be effectively measured under controlled laboratory conditions [14]. First models were established for the blocking of transmission of Babesia canis by infected Dermacentor reticulatus ticks [9, 14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy of Advantix^®to prevent transmission ofEhrlichia canisto dogs byRhipicephalus sanguineusticks

et al. 2013

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The capacity of a topical combination of imidacloprid and permethrin (Advantix®) to prevent transmission of Ehrlichia canis was studied in two groups of six dogs. One group served as controls, whereas the other group was treated. All dogs were exposed to E. canis-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on Days 7, 14, 21 and Day 28 post acaricidal treatment. The adult R. sanguineus ticks were released into the individual kennels of the dogs to simulate natural tick exposure. In situ tick counts were conducted on Day 9, 16 and 23 and any remaining ticks were counted and removed on Day 30. The efficacy of the acaricidal treatment against R. sanguineus ranged between 96.1% and 98.9% at 48 h post-application and lasted up to 4 weeks. Four out of six control dogs became infected with E. canis, as demonstrated by the presence of specific E. canis antibodies and the detection by PCR of E. canis DNA in blood samples. These dogs became thrombocytopenic and displayed fever and were consecutively rescue-treated by doxycycline. None of the six treated dogs became infected with E. canis, as confirmed by the lack of specific antibodies and absence of E. canis DNA in blood samples. Advantix® prevented transmission of E. canis and provided protection against monocytic ehrlichiosis for 4 weeks post acaricidal treatment.

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The prevention of transmission of Babesia canis canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs using a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene

Cited by 41 publications

References 28 publications

First case of Anaplasma platys infection in a dog from Croatia

First case of Anaplasma platys infection in a dog from Croatia

The ability of an oral formulation of afoxolaner to block the transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs

The efficacy of Advantix^®to prevent transmission ofEhrlichia canisto dogs byRhipicephalus sanguineusticks

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The prevention of transmission of Babesia canis canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs using a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene

Cited by 41 publications

References 28 publications

First case of Anaplasma platys infection in a dog from Croatia

First case of Anaplasma platys infection in a dog from Croatia

The ability of an oral formulation of afoxolaner to block the transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs

The efficacy of Advantix®to prevent transmission ofEhrlichia canisto dogs byRhipicephalus sanguineusticks

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Product

Resources

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The efficacy of Advantix^®to prevent transmission ofEhrlichia canisto dogs byRhipicephalus sanguineusticks