The Preventive Effects of Pterostilbene on the Exercise Intolerance and Circadian Misalignment of Mice Subjected to Sleep Restriction

Abstract

Scope The study investigates the effects of pterostilbene (PTE) on exercise endurance and circadian rhythm in sleep‐restricted (SR) mice. Methods and results The SR model is established by keeping mice awake during the first 8 h of light period for 5 d and PTE (100 mg kg−1 d−1) is given once a day. PTE improves endurance in SR mice by significantly prolonging the exhaustive swimming time and ameliorating exercise fatigue biochemical parameters, including creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. It is observed that PTE effectively regained mitochondrial function by improving mitochondrial swelling and maintaining oxidative phosphorylation system–related genes expression, and inhibited the decrease of mitochondrial biogenesis–related genes expression. Furthermore, PTE restores rhythms of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation activity, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) deacetylation activity, and SIRT1‐mediated peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) deacetylation in SR mice. Finally, the results demonstrate that the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC‐1α pathway may be correlated with the relationships between mitochondrial function and circadian rhythms, markedly regulating the expression of skeletal muscle clock genes, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, and brain and muscle arnt‐like 1. Conclusions PTE ameliorates SR‐induced exercise intolerance associated with circadian misalignment and mitochondrial dysfunction through AMPK/SIRT1/PGC‐1α pathway.

Pterostilbene attenuates intestinal epithelial barrier loss induced by high loading intensity of exercise

“…The experimental design is shown in Figure 1A and followed the National Research Council Guidelines. Animal experiment 1: the C57BL/6 mice ( n = 24) were randomly distributed into six groups ( n = 4/group), gavaged with pterostilbene (100 mg/kg/day) ( 30 ) at 9:00 a.m. and sacrificed at 0, 2, 6, 10, 12, and 24 h after intragastric administration, respectively. The contents of small intestine and colon were collected and stored at −80 ° C. Animal experiment 2: mice ( n = 48) were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 12/group): control group (CON), pterostilbene group (PTE), exercise group (EX), and exercise with pterostilbene group (EX + PTE).…”

“…In the second week, referred to Bedford’s method ( 31 , 32 ), mice in exercise groups ran at the speed of 25 m/min until exhaustion one time a day for 7 days, and the exhaustion statue according to the literature reported ( 33 ). The PTE and EX + PTE groups were orally gavaged with pterostilbene (100 mg/kg/day) for 1 week, as previous study reported ( 30 ). The PTE was administered 12 h before exercise, and the mice of the EX and EX + PTE groups were sacrificed 1 h after the last exercise session.…”

Hypoxia Improves Endurance Performance by Enhancing Short Chain Fatty Acids Production via Gut Microbiota Remodeling

“…Mitochondrial morphology and number in the gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed by TEM images. Briefly, gastrocnemius was treated and visualized on JEM-1400 microscope (Jeol, Japan) as we described before (Liu et al, 2020). Three animals per group were and ten images per mouse were used for the quantitative analysis of mitochondria.…”

“…The number of mitochondria per section of intermyofibrillar mitochondria was quantified. The number of mitochondria was counted on micrographs as previously described (Liu et al, 2020).…”

Dietary Pterostilbene and Resveratrol Modulate the Gut Microbiota Influenced by Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation

“…[ 32 ] Likewise, PSB also showed its regulative effect on exercise intolerant mice induced by restricted‐sleep via Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/SIRT1/Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α) pathway to clock genes expression of skeletal muscle. [ 33 ]…”