The Price of the Ticket: Health Costs of Upward Mobility among African Americans

Hudson, Darrell; Sacks, Tina K.; Irani, Katie; Asher, Antonia

doi:10.3390/ijerph17041179

Cited by 77 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…As such, MDRs reflect how racism operates even when the family is of high SES backgrounds [46,47]. Exposure to racial prejudice is higher, not lower, in the life of high SES NHB families, and interferes with the gains that are expected to follow SES resources [110][111][112]. An increased exposure [113][114][115][116][117] and vulnerability [48] to racial discrimination in high SES NHB families reduces the effects of SES, given discrimination is a risk factor for many undesired outcomes and is shown to reduce the expected gains of SES [48,116,118].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents’ Attention: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2020

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Background: Racial minorities, particularly non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) in the US, experience weaker effects from their families’ socioeconomic status on tangible outcomes, a pattern called the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory. These MDRs are frequently shown in the effects of the families’ socioeconomic status (SES) on NHB adolescents’ school performance. As a result of these MDRs, NHB adolescents from high SES families show a worse than expected school performance. The existing knowledge is, however, minimal about the role of attention in explaining the diminished returns of the families’ SES with regard to the adolescents’ outcomes. Aim: To investigate the racial differences in the effects of the subjective family SES on adolescents’ attention, we compared non-Hispanic white (NHW) and NHB adolescents to assess the effect of the subjective family SES on adolescents’ attention. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 4188 adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variable was the subjective family SES. The primary outcome was the adolescents’ attention to be measured by the stop-signal task (SST). The attention domain of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was also measured. Results: Overall, a high subjective family SES was associated with a higher task-based and CBCL-based attention. Race showed statistically significant interactions with subjective family SES in terms of adolescents’ attention outcomes. These interactions suggested that a high subjective family SES has smaller tangible effects on increasing the attention of NHB than NHW adolescents. Conclusion: The boosting effect of subjective family SES on attention is diminished for NHB rather than NHW adolescents. To minimize the racial gap in attention-related behaviors, such as school performance, we need to address the diminished returns of resources in the lives of NHB families. Not only should we equalize SES, but also increase the marginal returns of SES for racial minorities, particularly NHB families. Such efforts require public policies that empower NHB families to better leverage their SES resources and turn them into tangible outcomes. In addition, social policies should directly aim to alter the societal barriers that limit NHB families’ ability to effectively utilize their resources. Discrimination, segregation, and racism should be targets of our policy solutions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents’ Attention: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2020

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“…Such sale (64) strategies allow for a more affordable cost of tobacco use in Latino and low-income communities who may not afford to purchase a pack of cigarettes (65). Greater education, however, does not mean that ethnic minorities can afford to purchase homes in neighborhoods where cigarettes and advertising are more regulated (13,(66)(67)(68).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They suggest that (a) not all ethnic disparities are caused by SES gaps but also by differential health gains from social and economic resources for ethnic groups compared to Whites; (b) relatively speaking, ethnic gaps in a wide range of outcomes may increase rather than decrease as SES levels increase; and (c) we should address ethnic disparities across all SES spectrum, rather than merely focusing on disparities in the low SES ethnic minorities (6,7). The result of this line of work redirects the attention from focusing on health disparities in low SES (12) to middle-class ethnic minorities (13)(14)(15)(16), which is a growing section of the U.S. demography. This view is also similar to what Navarro has proposed as ethnicity "and" SES rather than ethnicity "or" SES as the primary contributor to health disparities (17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent Education and Future Transition to Cigarette Smoking: Latinos' Diminished Returns

et al. 2020

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Background: High parent education is protective against youth health risk behaviors such as tobacco use. According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, however, higher parent education seems to exert less protection for the ethnic minority relative to the majority groups. Objectives: To explore ethnic differences in the effects of parent education on the transition to cigarette smoking in a national sample of American never-smoker adolescents. Methods: This longitudinal study used data of waves 1 and 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH 2013-2018). This analysis included 5,021 American youth who were never smokers at baseline (2013) and were followed for 4 years. Transition to cigarette smoking was the dependent variable. Parent education was the independent variable. Youth age, youth gender, and family structure were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderating variable. Results: From the 5,021 American youth who were never smokers at baseline (2013), 89.4% continued as never smokers, and 10.6% became ever-smokers. Overall, 4.0% were current smokers at wave 4. Overall, a higher parent education was associated with lower odds of transitioning to ever and current cigarette smoker at the end of the 4th year. Parent education, however, showed significant interaction with Latino ethnicity on both outcomes suggesting smaller protective effects of high parent education against transitioning to tobacco use for Latino than for non-Latino youth. Conclusions: In the U.S., ethnicity alters the magnitude of the protective effect of parent education against youth transition to tobacco use. While high parent education is protective against transitioning to become a cigarette smoking overall, non-Latinos (a socially privileged group) gain more and Latino youth (a socially marginalized group) gain least from such a resource. In addition to addressing the SES gap, policymakers should identify and address mechanisms by which ethnic minority youth remain at risk of tobacco use, even when they are from highly educated families.

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“…There is no denying that Black men in America are subjected to experiences and expectations that vary from those of other racial/ethnic groups (well as Black women), and that many of these experiences negatively impact their health. Research highlights that Black men are more likely to live in poverty, which may explain health disparities as a result of differences in income as well as wealth [28,29]. However, even for middle class Black men, health disparities remain [28].…”

Section: Black Men and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research highlights that Black men are more likely to live in poverty, which may explain health disparities as a result of differences in income as well as wealth [28,29]. However, even for middle class Black men, health disparities remain [28]. Beyond the experiences of diminished returns with respect to income and wealth, Black men are also exposed to heightened policing and criminalization as a result of racist attitudes and practices that contribute to an increase in social and physiological stressors that negatively impact health [8].…”

Section: Black Men and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eat to Live, Don’t Live to Eat: Black Men, Masculinity, Faith and Food

Brown

2020

IJERPH

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Men often have poorer health outcomes than women. In the United States, Black men in particular tend to have worse health than not only Black women but other racial/ethnic groups of men. One factor that contributes to health is the role of masculinity. Previous research notes that men who cling to hegemonic notions of masculine identity tend to engage in negative health behaviors. However, hegemonic masculinity is not the realm in which Black men exist. Criminalized, surveilled, and subject to structural racism and racial discrimination, Black masculinities exist on their own spectrum separate from that of White men. One characteristic associated with Black masculinity is that of faith, and faith is a growing field of study with respect to health. This paper examines the relationship between Black masculinity as framed by faith in shaping the food and eating habits of Black men. Food and eating are central to health and well-being yet remain understudied with respect to Black masculinity through the lens of faith. This study offers a qualitative account of Black men’s experiences through the use of in-depth interview data. The key finding of this study is that fasting operates as a mechanism of health promotion for Black men. This paper utilizes the term Black men as an all-encompassing term of members of the African diaspora as opposed to African American in order to recognize the diversity of the participants in this study.

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The Price of the Ticket: Health Costs of Upward Mobility among African Americans

Cited by 77 publications

References 65 publications

Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents’ Attention: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents’ Attention: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

Parent Education and Future Transition to Cigarette Smoking: Latinos' Diminished Returns

Eat to Live, Don’t Live to Eat: Black Men, Masculinity, Faith and Food

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