The Primate Globus Pallidus and its Feline and Avian Homologues: A Golgi and Electron Microscopic Study

Fox, Clement A.; Hillman, Dean E.; Siegesmund, Kenneth A.; Sether, L A

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-6527-1_22

Cited by 76 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This area was included as part of the pallidum based both on histological criteria and the fact that it received its input from the VS (Heimer, 1978). Pallidal neurons have a distinct morphology, which is nicely outlined using immunohistochemistry for the peptides, enkephalin, and substance P. Staining for these peptides was particularly useful for determining the boundaries of the VP (DiFiglia et al, 1982;Fox et al, 1974;Haber and Nauta, 1983;Haber and Watson, 1985;Mai et al, 1986;Reiner et al, 1999). Based on these staining patterns and its input from the VS, the VP is now considered to encompass not only the subcommissural regions, but also the rostral pole of the external segment and the medial rostral internal segment of the globus pallidus.…”

Section: Ventral Pallidum (Figure 8)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reward Circuit: Linking Primate Anatomy and Human Imaging

Haber

Knutson

2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

3,183

193

2,859

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Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior cingulate cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the ventral striatum, the ventral pallidum, and the midbrain dopamine neurons. In addition, other structures, including the dorsal prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and lateral habenular nucleus, and specific brainstem structures such as the pedunculopontine nucleus, and the raphe nucleus, are key components in regulating the reward circuit. Connectivity between these areas forms a complex neural network that mediates different aspects of reward processing. Advances in neuroimaging techniques allow better spatial and temporal resolution. These studies now demonstrate that human functional and structural imaging results map increasingly close to primate anatomy.

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Section: Ventral Pallidum (Figure 8)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reward Circuit: Linking Primate Anatomy and Human Imaging

Haber

Knutson

2009

Neuropsychopharmacol

3,183

193

2,859

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“…In contrast to this anatomical dominance of inhibitory input, physiological studies consistently report that most (60 -80%) of the pallidal neurons increase their firing rate in response to behavioral events (Brotchie et al 1991;Georgopoulos et al 1983;Jaeger et al 1995;Mink and Thach 1991;Mitchell et al 1987;Turner and Anderson 1997). Neurons of the SNr belong to the same morphological type as pallidal neurons (Fox et al 1974;Yelnik et al 1987), receive similar anatomical inputs Rinvik and Grofova 1970), and as in the pallidum their behavioral-related activity is not dominated by a decrease in firing rate (Handel and Glimcher 1999;Nevet et al 2007;Sato and Hikosaka 2002;Schultz 1986). Additionally, the soma of neurons in the GPi and the SNr (the output structures) as well as the GPe itself is innervated by GPe GABAergic synapses (Kincaid et al 1991;Sadek et al 2007;Smith and Bolam 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance of Increases and Decreases in Firing Rate of the Spontaneous Activity of Basal Ganglia High-Frequency Discharge Neurons

Elias¹,

Ritov

Bergman

2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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of increases and decreases in firing rate of the spontaneous activity of basal ganglia high-frequency discharge neurons. J Neurophysiol 100: 3086 -3104, 2008. First published October 8, 2008 doi:10.1152/jn.90714.2008. Most neurons in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (GPe, GPi, and SNr) are characterized by a high-frequency discharge (HFD) rate (50 -80 Hz) that, in most GPe neurons, is also interrupted by pauses. Almost all (ϳ90%) of the synaptic inputs to these HFD neurons are GABAergic and inhibitory. Nevertheless, their responses to behavioral events are usually dominated by increases in discharge rate. Additionally, there are no reports of prolonged bursts in the spontaneous activity of these cells that could reflect their disinhibition by GPe pauses. We recorded the spontaneous activity of 385 GPe, GPi, and SNr HFD neurons during a quiet-wakeful state from two monkeys. We developed three complementary methods to quantify the balance of increases and decreases in the spontaneous discharge of HFD neurons and validated them by simulations. Unlike the behavioral evoked responses, the spontaneous activity of pallidal and SNr neurons is not dominated by increases. Moreover, the activity of basal ganglia neurons does not include bursts that could reflect disinhibition by the spontaneous pauses of GPe neurons. These findings suggest that the discharge increase/decrease balance during a quiet-wakeful state better reflects the inhibitory input of the HFD basal ganglia neurons than during responses to behavioral events; however, the GPe pauses are not echoed by comparable bursts either in the GPe or in the output nuclei. Changes in the excitatory drive of these structures (e.g., during behavioral activity) thus may lead to a remarkable change in this balance.

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“…The large neurons of the GP, called the principal or projection neurons, are described as the most common neuron type in this area [50][51][52][53]. They are described as having a fusiform shape, a cell diameter of 20-50 pm and 2-4 dendrites, which branch sparsely and extend for long distances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin II Immunoreactivity in the Human Striatum and Hippocampus of Elderly Controls and Patients with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type and Multi-Infarct Dementia

Savaskan

Höchli

Ganten

et al. 1991

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord

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The distribution of angiotensin II (A II) immunoreactivity in the postmortem human corpus striatum was studied in control cases and in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and multi-infarct dementia (MID). Additionally A II immunoreactivity was examined in the hippocampus of control and SDAT patients. A II-immunopositive cellular structures found in the striatum were the large neurons and vesiculated fibers in the globus pallidus (GP), especially in the dorsal parts, and some aspiny neurons in the putamen. Changes in the cell morphology marked the neurons in the GP of SDAT patients. In the MID cases only a few A II-immunopositive fibers and no cell somata were present in the GP. An extracellular, perivascular A II-staining pattern, which was found only in 1 control case, was common to all SDAT and MID patients. A II-immunopositive cellular structures found in the hippocampus included distorted neuronal processes and vesiculated fibers, which were partly coexisting with neuritic plaques as shown by the double labeling with thioflavin. The perivascular A II staining was also observed in the hippocampus, which was more predominant in SDAT cases. The definition of these two A II-immunopositive cell types in human corpus striatum suggests that A II may be involved in local neuronal or projection pathways. Possibly A II participates in the development of cerebrovascular pathologies in elderly control and demented brains.

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The Primate Globus Pallidus and its Feline and Avian Homologues: A Golgi and Electron Microscopic Study

Cited by 76 publications

References 4 publications

The Reward Circuit: Linking Primate Anatomy and Human Imaging

The Reward Circuit: Linking Primate Anatomy and Human Imaging

Balance of Increases and Decreases in Firing Rate of the Spontaneous Activity of Basal Ganglia High-Frequency Discharge Neurons

Angiotensin II Immunoreactivity in the Human Striatum and Hippocampus of Elderly Controls and Patients with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type and Multi-Infarct Dementia

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