The Principle of Depth for Underground Land Development: A Review

Abstract

In this era, the developments are not taking place at the surface land, but also going downward by utilizing the underground land. The importance for developing underground land cannot be denied since worldwide has the good example of underground land development especially in the infrastructure development. In developing underground land, the depth is one of the considerations to determine how deep the construction can go underground. However, in relation with the ownership and restrictions in developing underground, the depth of the development in for underground land has become a major issue.By looking at the perspective of countries that tremendously developing underground as China, Finland and Japan; this article reviewed and discussed the three aspects related the principle of underground depth, which are the legal considerations, the depth of development also vertical planning (utilization), which have been practiced in those countries include Malaysia. As a result, the discussion shown Malaysia is ready to develop the underground land because there is a legislation that supports it. However, Malaysia must work towards the vertical planning of underground based on the depth of the utilization as the other countries do; for future development.

Hidden Threat: The Influence of Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Groundwater and the Convergence of Impacts on Municipal Infrastructure

“…Municipalities worldwide host complex infrastructure networks that exist partially or entirely belowground. Components of this infrastructure facilitate transportation, provide structural support for buildings, distribute drinking water, enable sanitation, and manage stormwater (Zaini et al 2015). Shallowing of coastal groundwater is known to cause an array of impacts on the various network components that perform these crucial functions (Abdelhafez et al 2022, Knott et al 2017, Luo et al 2015, Miranda et al 2019, Osman et al 2017) (Figure 3).…”

Underground Land Administration from 2D to 3D: Critical Challenges and Future Research Directions

“…In some investigations, legal issues of underground space and the ownership of this space in different countries and jurisdictions have been studied [13,18,30,42,43,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. Most of these studies concluded that underground property rights are not adequately stabilising public and private interests in the underground.…”

Layer approach to ownership in 3D cadastre in the case of underground tunnels

“…Specific minimum depth of disposal of underground land is not very common in national legislation. For example, in Malaysia, the minimum depth of underground space disposal ranges from 6 to 15 m, depending on surface parcel land use (Zaini et al, 2013); in the state of Victoria in Australia, alienation of Crown land is allowed only up to the depth defined by the Governor in Council, while in Finland, underground land can be freely utilised up to a depth of 6 m (Vähäaho, 2014). The difference in the Finnish case is that the surface parcel owner owns the underground of his parcel, despite the depth limitation, but does not have the right to use it for construction purposes deeper than 6 m without a permit (Vähäaho, 2014).…”