“…Typical applications of graph theory scenarios associated with risk analysis mainly include information networks (Boroojerdi et al., 2008), biological networks (Girvan & Newman, 2002), social networks (Benitez‐Andrades et al., 2020), and transport networks (Macioszek, 2021). Successful transplantation of graph theory in risk analysis has prompted the emergence of some typical derivative methods based on graph theory (Bonacich, 1972; Macioszek, 2021), such as CN, Bayesian networks (Ma et al., 2020), fault tree analysis (FTA) (Qiao et al., 2020b), event tree analysis (ETA) (Ferdous et al., 2011), failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) (Wu et al., 2010) and the bow‐tie model (Logrosa et al., 2021). In addition, the techniques originated from system theory are also frequently applied to assess the risks, such as human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) (Salmon et al., 2012), STAMP (Salmon et al., 2012), functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) (Alboghobeish & Shirali, 2021), systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) (Plioutsias, Karanikas, and Chatzimihailidou, 2017).…”