The principles of psychology.

James, William H.

doi:10.1037/11059-000

Cited by 5,357 publications

(451 citation statements)

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“…Behavioral tendencies can also be effectively shaped by their functionality by simple learning processes rather than by conscious deliberation (Skinner, 1981;Thorndike, 1913). An individual's current levels of behavioral traits can frequently be understood as being shaped by their past functionality, and then operate principally as habits (Allport, 1937;James, 1890;W. Wood & Neal, 2007).…”

Section: Explaining Behavioral Trait Levels By Functionality Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation.

Wood¹,

Gardner²,

Harms³

2015

Psychological Review

181

186

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Factors identified in investigations of trait structure (e.g., the Big Five) are sometimes understood as explanations or sources of the covariation of distinct behavioral traits, as when extraversion is suggested to underlie the covariation of assertiveness and sociability. Here, we detail how trait covariation can alternatively be understood as arising from units common to functionalist and process frameworks, such as self-efficacies, expectancies, values, and goals. Specifically, the expected covariation between 2 behavioral traits should be increased when a specific process variable tends to indicate the functionality of both traits simultaneously. In 2 empirical illustrations, we identify a wide array of specific process variables associated with several Big Five-related behavioral traits simultaneously, and which are thus likely sources of their covariation. Many of these, such as positive interpersonal expectancies, self-regulatory skills, and preference for order, relate similarly to a broad range of trait perceptions in both studies, and across both self- and peer-reports. We also illustrate how this understanding of trait covariation provides a somewhat novel explanation of why some traits are uncorrelated. As we discuss, a functionalist understanding of trait covariation as arising through functionalist or process variables has implications for many basic issues in personality psychology, such as how personality traits should be measured, mechanisms for personality stability and change, and the nature of personality traits more generally.

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Section: Explaining Behavioral Trait Levels By Functionality Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation.

Wood¹,

Gardner²,

Harms³

2015

Psychological Review

181

186

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“…Thus a "medical gaze" became focussed upon an over-arching theme of human degeneracy, afflicting those without socially desirable mental or moral qualities and thus rendering them abnormalities (Jalava, 2015). Emerging psycho-social views provided somecounter view where social conflict or estrangement of community groups could initiate a reactive or even volatile response of anger fuelled by desperate hopelessness (James, 1890). Becccalossi (2014) notes that Lombroso moved from biological determinism in earlier works to a more environmental and sociological orientated position.…”

Section: Historical Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policing, Crime and Mental Illness in England and Wales: Insights from the Literature

Kitt¹,

Rogers²

2017

RES

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Mental illness pervades most societies, but it is only recently that its impact and effects upon individuals has slowly been recognised in England and Wales. When people suffering from this illness become involved with various public agencies, the way they are dealt with appears inconsistent and on occasions ends in tragedy. One agency that is constantly in contact with people who suffer mental health illness is the police service. Some high profile cases have clearly illustrated misunderstandings and the fact that the police are not generally equipped to deal with such individuals. This article considers a brief history and theoretical backcloth to police understanding and framing of mental illness in England and Wales, and explores the National Liaison and Diversion Model as an alternative to traditional police understanding and response. The article suggests that only by understanding the historical context, and literature, surrounding mental illness, can improvements be made in the criminal justice system as a whole and within the police service in particular.

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“…Psychologists believe that individuals who are self-actualized are usually satisfied with their life. According to William James, the self consists of three components which are the 'material or bodily' component of the self that includes anything the person possess, the 'social' component of the self that implies the social roles within the social environment, and the 'spiritual' component of the self that comprises our feelings and thoughts about ourselves (James, 1890).…”

Section: Self-actualization In the Workplacementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Training, Democratization, and Self-Actualization in Addressing Employee Burnout

Bedawy¹,

Ramzy²,

Maher³

et al. 2017

IBR

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The objective of this study is to investigate in depth the factors that can reduce the effect of e mployee burnout in Egypt. From the literature review, the variables of perception of employee development programs (IV1), time spent on employee development programs (IV2), self-actualization (IV3), and workplace democratization (IV4) were identified. To study these variables on employee burnout, SEKEM, a company in Egypt known for its innovative application of human development initiatives, was selected as a case study from Egypt. A single cross-sectional analysis of the employees of the company was used and data was collected with a questionnaire using a 7-level scale.The results were then analyzed with a principal component analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and Spearman's rank correlation.The results confirmed the validity and inter-reliability of the model as well as showed the significant negative relationship between both IV1 & IV3 and between employee burnout. IV2 and IV4 were not found to be significantly related to employee burnout.The significance of the research is that few studies in Egypt are made on the issue of employee burnout, and the study of SEKEM provides a rare insight into the application of such concepts.

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The principles of psychology.

Cited by 5,357 publications

References 0 publications

How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation.

How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation.

Policing, Crime and Mental Illness in England and Wales: Insights from the Literature

The Role of Training, Democratization, and Self-Actualization in Addressing Employee Burnout

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